{"id":953,"date":"2011-07-01T19:55:39","date_gmt":"2011-07-01T19:55:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=953"},"modified":"2022-10-06T13:51:41","modified_gmt":"2022-10-06T13:51:41","slug":"diagnosis-and-treatment-of-crown-fractures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/dentistry\/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-crown-fractures\/","title":{"rendered":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Crown Fractures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/04\/T1107F02.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9886\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/pdf_button.png\" alt=\"pdf_button\" width=\"110\" height=\"27\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tooth fractures are defined as complicated or uncomplicated:<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Uncomplicated crown fractures have direct dentin but no pulp exposure<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Complicated crown fractures have direct pulp (nerve) exposure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both types require therapy, but treatment differs depending on the physical and radiographic appearance. The most commonly affected teeth are the canines and carnassials (maxillary fourth premolars and mandibular first molars).<\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<h2>TOOTH ANATOMY<\/h2>\n<p>Teeth are essentially comprised of 3 layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Tooth-Anatomy-Box-Figure.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3563 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Tooth-Anatomy-Box-Figure-300x245.jpg\" alt=\"Tooth Anatomy Box Figure\" width=\"300\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Tooth-Anatomy-Box-Figure-300x245.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Tooth-Anatomy-Box-Figure.jpg 368w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0<strong>Pulp<\/strong>: The innermost layer is the endodontic system (root canal or pulp). The endodontic system contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue that nourish the tooth. The blood and nervous supply enter the tooth through the very tip (or apex) of the root.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0<strong>Enamel<\/strong>: The outer layer of the tooth crown is enamel. It is virtually all (97%) calcium and phosphorus and is the hardest substance in the body. Enamel has no nervous or circulatory system. It is applied in a very thin layer (&lt; 1-mm thick) over the tooth surface during development. Once tooth eruption occurs, enamel cannot be naturally replaced or repaired.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0<strong>Dentin<\/strong>: The central layer, which is the vast majority of the tooth structure in mature patients, is dentin. Dentin has roughly the same mineral content as bone. It has a nervous supply and responds to stresses. Running at right angles to the root canal are dentinal tubules. Each dentinal tubule contains an odontoblastic process, which is basically a nervous supply that is limited to sensory function and can only report changes as pain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>UNCOMPLICATED CROWN FRACTURES<\/h2>\n<p>Uncomplicated crown fractures are very common in large-breed dogs, affecting approximately 60% of these patients in my experience. These types of fractures occur when a piece of crown is broken off, exposing the dentin but not the pulp (<strong>Figures 1 and 2<\/strong>).<sup>1<\/sup> This can be a very painful condition, but veterinary patients rarely show clinical signs. Consequently, these tooth fractures are only diagnosed by careful oral examination, often under general anesthesia.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3555\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3555\" class=\"wp-image-3555 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-1-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 1\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-1.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3555\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Uncomplicated crown fracture of the maxillary left fourth premolar (208) in a dog. The dark area at the cusp is the stained, exposed dentin; note how thin the bright white layer of enamel is.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3556\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3556\" class=\"wp-image-3556 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-2-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-2.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3556\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Uncomplicated crown fracture of the mandibular left canine (304) in a dog. This is a fresh fracture as the dentin is not yet stained. Even though the fracture is significant, the pulp is not exposed.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>COMPLICATED CROWN FRACTURES<\/h2>\n<p>A complicated crown fracture is a fractured tooth with direct pulp exposure (<strong>Figures 3 and 4<\/strong>).<sup>1,2<\/sup> It has been reported that 10% of dogs have teeth with pulp exposure.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Prior to tooth necrosis, the viable nerve can be very painful. Over time, the constant bacterial attack from the oral cavity results in tooth death. Once a tooth becomes nonvital, the root canal system acts as a bacterial super-highway, leading to local infections as well as bacteremias, which have been linked to serious systemic disease.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Pet owners are often reluctant to pursue therapy for fractured teeth because they think \u201cit does not seem to bother the dog.\u201d However, fractured and\/or infected teeth do affect animals by creating pain, infection, and fatigue; but these signs are often subtle or hidden. Pet owners should be educated that animal patients are typically much more stoic than their human counterparts when dealing with pain.<sup>5<\/sup> Most owners see a noticeable improvement in their pets\u2019 attitudes and energy levels after therapy is provided.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3551\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3551\" class=\"wp-image-3551 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-3.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Complicated crown fracture of the maxillary right fourth premolar (108) in a dog. Note the pink spot in the cusp tip, which is the exposed root canal; this can be a painful condition.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3552\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3552\" class=\"wp-image-3552 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-4-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 4\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-4-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/Figure-4.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Complicated crown fracture of the maxillary right canine (104) in a dog; infection is also present in this patient.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>DIAGNOSTICS<\/h2>\n<p>Complete diagnosis of fractured teeth requires 3 distinct modalities: visual, tactile, and radiographic.<sup>1,6<\/sup><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Visual: Most cases of direct pulp exposure are obvious, but it is important to evaluate all sides of the tooth for direct pulp exposure (<strong>Figure 5<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Tactile: Even the smallest amount of pulp exposure is sufficient to cause pulp necrosis. In fact, these small exposures are the ones that most commonly result in clinical abscesses (<strong>Figure 6<\/strong>). Therefore, it is best to use a dental explorer or small endodontic file to definitively rule out pulp exposure, and any soft spot should be suspect (<strong>Figure 7<\/strong>).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Dental radiographs: Dental radiographs are a critical part of endodontic therapy. All fractured teeth are potentially nonvital and infected; radiographs should be taken of all fractured teeth with dentin or pulp involvement.7 Radiographic evidence of endodontic disease is most commonly seen as periapical rarefaction (<strong>Figure 8<\/strong>) or a wider endodontic space (<strong>Figure 9<\/strong>).<sup>8<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_3557\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-5.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3557\" class=\"wp-image-3557 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-5-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 5\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-5.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3557\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. Complicated crown fracture of the lingual surface of the mandibular left first molar (309) in a dog; this could have been missed on external examination<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3558\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3558\" class=\"wp-image-3558 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-6-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 6\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-6.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3558\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. Uncomplicated crown fracture of the maxillary left fourth premolar (208) in a dog with a draining abscess. This tooth has been nonvital for years. Note how little tooth structure is missing, even though the tooth is severely infected.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3559\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3559\" class=\"wp-image-3559 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-7-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 7\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-7-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-7.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3559\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. Complicated crown fracture of the maxillary right fourth premolar (108) in a dog. Note the minimal amount of tooth loss; however, careful probing revealed the fracture.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3560\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-8.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3560\" class=\"wp-image-3560 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-8-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 8\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-8-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-8.jpg 421w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8. Dental radiograph of the maxillary left fourth premolar (208) in a dog. This tooth has periapical rarefaction (arrows), which is indicative of nonvitality and active infection.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3561\" style=\"width: 222px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3561\" class=\"wp-image-3561 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-9-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 9\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3561\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 9. Dental radiograph of the mandibular incisors of a dog. Note that the mandibular right second incisor (402) has a widened endodontic system (arrows); this also indicates nonvitality.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>TREATMENT<\/h2>\n<h3>Uncomplicated Crown Fractures<\/h3>\n<p>Confirmed uncomplicated crown fractures with no radiographic evidence of disease (<strong>Figure 10<\/strong>) should be treated with a bonded sealant (see Practice Step by Step: Bonded Sealant Application for Crown Fractures). This will resolve sensitivity, block infection, improve aesthetics, and smooth the tooth to decrease plaque accumulation, delaying periodontal disease.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3562\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-10.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3562\" class=\"wp-image-3562 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-10-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"NEW Figure 10\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-10-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/NEW-Figure-10.jpg 421w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3562\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 10. Dental radiograph of the maxillary left fourth premolar (208) of the dog in Figure 5. This tooth has no periapical rarefaction, which is indicative of vitality and a good candidate for bonded sealant therapy.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Complicated Crown Fractures<\/h3>\n<p>Teeth with complicated crown fractures or radiographic evidence of nonvitality should be treated with root canal therapy or extraction.<sup>1,2,6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Large teeth, such as canines and carnassial teeth, are considered strategic teeth and should ideally be saved with root canal therapy. This gives an excellent long-term prognosis (up to 100%).<sup>9<\/sup> Furthermore, when root canal therapy is provided for large strategic teeth, the patient maintains jaw strength and tooth function and treatment is much less painful than surgical extraction.<\/p>\n<p>For minor teeth, such as incisors and premolars, extraction is a viable alternative; however, many clients are interested in maintaining all teeth.<\/p>\n<h2>FOLLOW-UP<\/h2>\n<p>Follow-up dental radiographs are strongly recommended in 6 to 9 months to ensure continued vitality. (If the client declines this, radiographs should be performed during the next prophylaxis.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure Credits<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tooth Anatomy figure<\/strong> reprinted from Small Animal Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Disease: A Colour Handbook, with permission from Manson Publishing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Figures 9 and 10<\/strong> reprinted from the Client Educational Poster, with permission from vetdentalrad.com.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Tooth fractures are defined as complicated or uncomplicated:1 \u00a0Uncomplicated crown fractures have direct dentin but no pulp exposure \u00a0Complicated crown fractures have direct pulp (nerve) exposure.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":1980,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":4404,"footnotes":""},"categories":[386],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-july-august-2011","tag-peer-reviewed","clinical_topics-dentistry"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Diagnosis and Treatment of Crown Fractures | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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