{"id":593,"date":"2014-09-01T15:22:08","date_gmt":"2014-09-01T15:22:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=593"},"modified":"2022-02-16T15:37:29","modified_gmt":"2022-02-16T15:37:29","slug":"endoscopy-in-practice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/endoscopy-in-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"Endoscopy in Practice: A Penny for Your Thoughts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/06\/T1409C04.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9886\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/pdf_button.png\" alt=\"pdf_button\" width=\"110\" height=\"27\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Adam Honeckman, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Dr. Honeckman illustrates the importance of endoscopy with a case study of an emergency endoscopy performed on a Jack Russel terrier experiencing anorexia, weakness, and vomiting.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Each year, the\u00a0<strong><span class=\"bluboldheader\">NAVC Institute<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0takes place in Orlando, Florida, and top specialists in select areas of veterinary medicine provide hands-on, one-on-one continuing education to the Institute attendees.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"arial\"><em>The\u00a0<strong><span class=\"bluboldheader\">NAVC<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong><span class=\"bluboldheader\">Today&#8217;s Veterinary Practice<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0have partnered together to present the\u00a0<strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Practical Techniques from the NAVC Institute<\/span>\u00a0column<\/strong>, which includes material from some of the sessions from the <strong>NAVC Institute 2014<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"arial\"><em>For those unable to attend, this column provides the opportunity to experience the excellent education provided at the Institute. <strong>Visit\u00a0<span class=\"navyblueheader\">navc.com\/institute<\/span>\u00a0for further information<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0At the <strong>NAVC Institute 2014<\/strong>, veterinarians were introduced to small animal endoscopy and common procedures in clinical practice that utilize rigid and flexible endoscopy. The course incorporated lectures with hands-on wet labs. Lectures focused on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Endoscopy equipment<\/li>\n<li>Indications for endoscopy<\/li>\n<li>Appearance of normal images<\/li>\n<li>Identification of common lesions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For the wet labs, both live animals and models were used, and each participant\u2014under the supervision of a board-certified specialist\u2014practiced:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy<\/li>\n<li>Rhinoscopy and bronchoscopy<\/li>\n<li>Cystoscopy of female dogs<\/li>\n<li>Otoscopy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Participants performed endoscopic retrieval of cotton balls from the stomach, and the techniques, equipment, and required skills for this procedure are similar to those highlighted in the following case study.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><span class=\"bluboldheader\">CASE PRESENTATION<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A 1-year-old neutered male Jack Russell terrier was presented to its primary veterinarian for acute onset of anorexia, weakness, and vomiting. The owner noted that the urine of the dog was red in color.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Initial Evaluation<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Physical examination<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0by the primary veterinarian revealed icteric mucous membranes.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Pertinent blood analysis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0results are listed in the\u00a0<strong><span class=\"bold\">Table<\/span><\/strong>; other than those values, the complete blood count, serum biochemical profile, and blood smear examination were unremarkable.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"500\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"GreenAqua\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"center\">TABLE. Pertinent Blood Analysis Results<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"Gold\">\n<td>COMPONENT<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\">RESULT<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\">REFERENCE RANGE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"#bcefcf\"><span class=\"bold\">Hematocrit<\/span>\u00a0(%)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#9ce8d6\">10<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#9ce8d6\">37\u201455<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"#bcefcf\"><span class=\"bold\">Total<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"bold\">bilirubin<\/span>\u00a0(mg\/dL)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#9ce8d6\">5.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#9ce8d6\">0\u20140.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td bgcolor=\"#bcefcf\"><span class=\"bold\">Reticulocytes<\/span>\u00a0(\/mcL)<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#9ce8d6\">50,000*<\/td>\n<td align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#9ce8d6\">&lt; 60,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">* Indicates nonregenerative anemia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Urinalysis<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0revealed hemoglobinuria and bilirubinuria, but no red nor white blood cells were identified on microscopic sediment examination.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Abdominal ultrasound<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>was unremarkable.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Initial Diagnosis &amp; Treatment<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A presumptive diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was determined.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment included a blood transfusion and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. Injectable medications (dexamethasone, 0.25 mg\/kg IV, and cyclophosphamide, 200 mg\/m2 IV) were administered rather than oral medications because the dog was vomiting.<\/p>\n<p>While the packed cell volume was 34% immediately posttransfusion, by the next morning, it had dropped to 22%.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Referral<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Based on the response to initial treatment, the dog was referred for additional diagnostics and more intense management of IMHA.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Definitive Diagnosis<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Due to the vomiting, abdominal radiographs were obtained (<span class=\"bold\">Figures 1 and 2<\/span>). The radiographs revealed the presence of a metallic gastric foreign body, likely a coin. This finding, in conjunction with hemolytic anemia lacking spherocytes and agglutination, was consistent with zinc toxicity.<\/p>\n<p><b>Figures 1 and\u00a02.<\/b> Presence of a metallic gastric foreign body, likely a coin, in conjunction with hemolytic anemia lacking spherocytes and agglutination, is consistent with zinc toxicity.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1716\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1716\" class=\"wp-image-1716 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1A-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1716\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1717\" style=\"width: 235px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1717\" class=\"wp-image-1717 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-1B.jpg 1704w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1717\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2<\/p><\/div>\n<p>A diagnosis of<span class=\"bold\">\u00a0intravascular hemolysis from zinc toxicity<\/span>, rather than immune-mediated hemolysis, was made. Immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Definitive Treatment<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An emergency endoscopy was performed, and a penny was removed from the stomach (<strong><span class=\"bold\">Figure 3<\/span><\/strong>). A lateral radiograph was obtained postendoscopy and confirmed removal of all foreign bodies (<strong><span class=\"bold\">Figure 4<\/span><\/strong>).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1718\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1718\" class=\"wp-image-1718 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2A-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1718\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Penny retrieved with endoscopic rat tooth forceps.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1719\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1719\" class=\"wp-image-1719 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/Figure-2B-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1719\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Postendoscopic lateral radiograph confirming all coins removed.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>After endoscopic retrieval of the penny, along with administration of intravenous fluids and famotidine, the patient made a complete recovery. No chelation therapy was required for the zinc toxicity.<\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<h2><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Case Considerations<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Pennies minted after 1982 contain 2440 mg of elemental zinc.<sup>1<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>Vomiting is a common sign of zinc toxicity. In addition, zinc toxicity causes oxidative injury to erythrocytes, resulting in Heinz body or eccentrocytic hemolytic anemia. Intravascular hemolysis can result in hemoglobinemia and\/or hemoglobinuria (as seen in this case).<\/li>\n<li>Rarely, zinc toxicity can result in kidney failure, liver failure, or pancreatitis.<sup>1-4<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<h2><strong><span class=\"Gold\">The Literature<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In a review of 19 dogs with zinc intoxication, most of the dogs were successfully treated with endoscopic retrieval of zinc foreign body and supportive care (IV fluids, blood products, H2 blockers, sucralfate). Chelation with Ca-EDTA was only used in 2 dogs. Of 19 dogs, 17 survived, and most were released from the hospital within 2 to 3 days.5 In another study, the half-life of plasma zinc levels was approximately 7.6 days.<sup>2<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h2><strong><span class=\"bluboldheader\">CASE STUDY CLINICAL PEARLS<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Ultrasonography versus Radiography<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In today&#8217;s world, some practices are tempted to skip abdominal radiographs and go straight to abdominal ultrasonography. However, ultrasonography and radiography have different strengths and are often complementary.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Abdominal Ultrasonography for Masses<\/span>.<\/strong> Ultrasonography readily identifies liver masses, splenic masses, and hemoabdomen, and can also be useful for diagnosis of some causes of anemia. While GI masses can be detected, gas can interfere with imaging of some masses. In my experience, intestinal masses are easier to detect than gastric masses, and endoscopy may be needed to detect the latter.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span class=\"bluboldheader\">The quality of ultrasonographic evaluation<\/span>\u00a0depends greatly on the experience and training of the person performing the examination.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Ultrasound for Detection of GI Foreign Bodie<\/span>s.<\/strong> Two studies have compared the ability of radiography and ultrasonography to detect GI foreign bodies.<sup>6,7<\/sup>\u00a0In both studies, ultrasonography was more sensitive than radiography for diagnosis of obstructive intestinal foreign bodies.<\/p>\n<p>In the first study, radiographs identified foreign bodies in 9\/16 dogs, including 1 gastric and 1 colonic foreign body. Of dogs with obstructive intestinal foreign bodies, survey radiographs revealed small intestinal overdistension in only 7\/14 dogs, whereas ultrasound identified all dogs with intestinal foreign bodies.<sup>,7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In the other study, radiographs were only diagnostic in 70% of dogs with obstructive intestinal foreign bodies, while ultrasound was diagnostic in 97% of patients.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Role of Radiography<\/span>.<\/strong> Although ultrasound was sensitive for diagnosing obstructive intestinal foreign bodies, it has been my experience that ultrasound is not as useful in detecting gastric foreign bodies due to gas interference.<\/p>\n<p>For gastric foreign bodies, survey radiographs\u2014which readily identify radiodense foreign bodies, such as bones or metal\u2014should be performed initially. If a radiolucent foreign body is suspected, a contrast study should be performed.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Contrast Studies<\/span>.<\/strong> Barium is generally the preferred positive contrast agent for most cases (see\u00a0<span class=\"bold\">Step-by-Step Approach to Upper GI Barium Study<\/span>). However, barium should be avoided in patients suspected of having a GI perforation (ie, free air or fluid in the abdomen). Barium can also clog the biopsy\/suction channel during endoscopy; therefore, its presence in the stomach is a relative contraindication if endoscopy is anticipated.<\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<h2 class=\"arial\"><strong><span class=\"Gold\">Step-by-Step<\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"navyblueheader\">Approach to Upper GI Barium Study\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"arial\">In most cases, to perform an upper GI barium study:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"arial\">Administer mild IV sedation (ie, ketamine\/diazepam)<\/li>\n<li class=\"arial\">Pass an orogastric tube<\/li>\n<li class=\"arial\">Administer barium (11\u201417 mL\/kg)<\/li>\n<li class=\"arial\">Take lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 H, and then hourly until the stomach is empty and barium reaches the colon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"arial\">Ideally, lesions should be visible in multiple time periods to confirm that they represent real findings.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Pneumogastrogram Studies<\/span>.<\/strong> Air gastrogram studies, which are performed by passing an orogastric tube and administering 13 mL\/kg of room air into the stomach\u2014are underutilized in most small animal practices. The advantages of using room air as contrast include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No delay in endoscopic foreign body retrieval<\/li>\n<li>Ready availability in most general practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"navyblueheader\"><strong>When IMHA Doesn&#8217;t Respond to Therapy\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>IMHA may not respond to therapy due to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Client or patient compliance issues<\/li>\n<li>Inadequate dosage of medication<\/li>\n<li>Inadequate immunosuppression (ie, subtherapeutic levels of current medications and\/or need for additional medication)<\/li>\n<li>True refractoriness of the patient.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The other important reason that a patient fails to respond to therapy is an incorrect diagnosis. Although IMHA is probably the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in dogs, other differential diagnoses (that should particularly be considered if the patient is exhibiting intravascular hemolysis) include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Babesiosis<\/li>\n<li>Hypophosphatemia<\/li>\n<li>Phosphofructokinase deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Pyruvate kinase deficiency<\/li>\n<li>Zinc toxicity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the case study presented here, the diagnosis of IMHA was questioned due to unusual signalment, lack of autoagglutination\/spherocytosis, and presence of vomiting.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Signalment<\/span>.<\/strong> IMHA is more common in middle aged (average age, approximately 6 years), female dogs of certain breeds (eg, cocker spaniels, poodles, Old English sheepdogs) than the dog in this case\u2014a 1-year-old neutered male Jack Russell terrier.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Laboratory Results<\/span>.<\/strong> In a series of 151 dogs with IMHA, 134 dogs (89%) had spherocytosis, and 118 dogs (78%) had autoagglutination.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>However, lack of regeneration, as seen in this case, can be seen in cases of IMHA. In one study, approximately 70% of dogs with IMHA had reticulocytosis, whereas 30% did not have evidence of regeneration.8 Since it takes 3 to 5 days for bone marrow to respond and increase the reticulocytes in circulation, in acute cases, the anemia is nonregenerative initially.<\/p>\n<p>Also, some cases of immune-mediated anemia target the red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow, which can result in nonregenerative anemia.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Radiography<\/span>.<\/strong> Vomiting is not common in dogs with IMHA, making radiographs an important part of the diagnostic workup. Zinc-induced hemolytic anemia was suggested based on the presence of a metal gastric foreign body found on survey radiographs.<\/p>\n<h3><strong><span class=\"navyblueheader\">Endoscopic Retrieval of Foreign Bodies<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">In the Literature<\/span>.<\/strong> In a review of 102 cases, endoscopy was successful in foreign body retrieval in 90.2% of those cases.<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0Complications (eg, rupture, esophageal stricture, esophageal diverticulum) were seen in only 12.7% of cases, and were most common with esophageal foreign bodies\u2014especially bone foreign bodies, dogs less than 10 kg body weight, and foreign bodies present for more than 3 days.<sup>9<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">When to Refer<\/span>.<\/strong> Due to the risk of complications, esophageal foreign bodies should be referred, if possible. Gastric foreign bodies (especially coins), on the other hand, can often be successfully retrieved by veterinarians in general practice with endoscopic training.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"bold\">Postendoscopy Radiography<\/span>.<\/strong> Postendoscopic radiographs are recommended to document that all foreign bodies have been removed. Radiographs should also be examined for any evidence of perforation (ie, pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax for esophageal foreign bodies, pneumoperitoneum for gastric foreign bodies).<\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Would you like to learn more about endoscopy?\u00a0Look for the first article in our new\u00a0Endoscopy Essentials\u00a0column, which begins in the\u00a0January\/February 2015 issue of\u00a0<em>Today&#8217;s Veterinary Practice<\/em>.<\/span><\/div>\n<h2><strong><span class=\"bluboldheader\">IN SUMMARY<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Endoscopy, like any other skill or procedure in veterinary medicine, requires training and practice. The Introduction to Small Animal Endoscopy Course at the NAVC Institute in May 2014 provided an excellent foundation for the participants, who were encouraged to gain more training and experience so that they could incorporate endoscopy in their practices.<\/p>\n<p class=\"arial\">GI = gastrointestinal; IMHA = immune-mediated hemolytic anemia<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"references\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"references\">Richardson JA, Gwaltney-Brant SM, Villar D. Zinc toxicosis from penny ingestion in dogs.\u00a0<em>Vet Med<\/em>2002; 97(2):96-99.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Hammond GM, Loewen ME, Blakley BR. Diagnosis and treatment of zinc poisoning in a dog.\u00a0<em>Vet Hum Toxicol<\/em>\u00a02004; 46(5):272-275.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Ackerman N, Spencer CP, Sundlof SF, Partidge HL. Zinc toxicosis in a dog secondary to ingestion of pennies.\u00a0<em>Vet Radiol<\/em>\u00a01990; 31(3):155-157.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Mikszewski JS, Saunders HM, Hess RS. Zinc associated acute pancreatitis in a dog.\u00a0<em>J Small Anim Pract\u00a0<\/em>2003; 44(4):177-180.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Gurnee CM, Drobatz KJ. Zinc intoxication in dogs: 19 cases (1991-2003).\u00a0<em>JAVMA<\/em>\u00a02007; 230(8):1174-1179.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Tyrrell D, Beck C. Survey of the use of radiography vs. ultrasonography in the investigation of gastrointestinal foreign bodies in small animals.\u00a0<em>Vet Radiol Ultrasound\u00a0<\/em>2006; 47(4):404-408.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Sharma A, Thompson MS, Scrivani PV, et al. Comparison of radiography and ultrasonography for diagnosing small-intestinal mechanical obstruction in vomiting dogs.\u00a0<em>Vet Radiol Ultrasound<\/em>\u00a02011; 52(3):248-255.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Weinkle TK, Center SA, Randolph JF, et al. Evaluation of prognostic factors, survival rates, and treatment protocols for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: 151 dogs (1993-2002).\u00a0<em>JAVMA<\/em>2005; 226 (11):1869-1880.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Gianella P, Pfammatter NS, Burgener IA. Oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal: Complications and follow-up of 102 dogs.\u00a0<em>J Small Anim Pract<\/em>\u00a02009; 50(12):649-654.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span class=\"author-bio\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/C04_b.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-6464\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2014\/09\/C04_b.jpg\" alt=\"C04_b\" width=\"75\" height=\"86\" \/><\/a>Adam Honeckman<\/strong>, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM, owns a mobile internal medicine practice in the Orlando area, and is an internal medicine consultant for the Veterinary Information Network. He received his DVM and completed an internship at Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine. He practiced in the Chicago area, then accepted a small animal internal medicine residency at the Animal Medical Center in New York City. There he developed a special interest in ultrasonography and endoscopy.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Adam Honeckman, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Small Animal Internal Medicine) Dr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":674,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":278,"footnotes":""},"categories":[368],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-593","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-september-october-2014","tag-peer-reviewed","clinical_topics-radiology-imaging"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Endoscopy in Practice: A Penny for Your Thoughts | Today&#039;s Veterinary 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