{"id":458,"date":"2015-03-01T13:42:48","date_gmt":"2015-03-01T13:42:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=458"},"modified":"2022-02-16T18:49:51","modified_gmt":"2022-02-16T18:49:51","slug":"canine-arthropods-mites-ticks-recommendations-from-the-capc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/parasitology\/canine-arthropods-mites-ticks-recommendations-from-the-capc\/","title":{"rendered":"Canine Arthropods: Mites and Ticks \u2013 Recommendations from the Companion Animal Parasite Council"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Ticks and other mites are collectively classified into the arachnid subclass\/order Acari (or Acarina). Mites that parasitize animals are morphologically distinguishable <strong>(Figure 1<\/strong>):<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Astigmatid mites<\/strong> that breathe directly through a membrane-like cuticle (eg, <em>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Prostigmatid mites<\/strong> that often have morphologically distinct appearances (eg, <em>Demodex canis<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>Small <strong><em>spider-like<\/em> mesostigmatid mites<\/strong> that often crawl on surfaces<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ticks<\/strong>, which many taxonomists think of as giant metastigmatid mites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_8056\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-1.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8056\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8056\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-1.png\" alt=\"FIGURE 1. Mites that parasitize dogs: The astigmatid mites, Sarcoptes scabiei (A) and Otodectes cynotis (B), have a sack-like structure and can be identified to species level by careful examination of legs and tegument. Prostigmatid mites have distinct structures; for example, the cigar-shape appearance of Demodex (C) and hook-like palps of Cheyletiella (D). Mesostigmatid mites possess long legs, as in Ornithonyssus species (E), that give them a spider-like appearance. Courtesy National Center for Veterinary Parasitology and CAPC\" width=\"570\" height=\"141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-1.png 570w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-1-300x74.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8056\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">FIGURE 1. Mites that parasitize dogs: The astigmatid mites, <em>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/em> (A) and <em>Otodectes cynotis<\/em> (B), have a sack-like structure and can be identified to species level by careful examination of legs and tegument. Prostigmatid mites have distinct structures; for example, the cigar-shape appearance of <em>Demodex<\/em> (C) and hook-like palps of <em>Cheyletiella<\/em> (D). Mesostigmatid mites possess long legs, as in <em>Ornithonyssus<\/em> species (E), that give them a spider-like appearance. <em>Courtesy National Center for Veterinary Parasitology and CAPC<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p>The mission of the <strong>Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) <\/strong>is to foster animal and human health, while preserving the human\u2013animal bond, through recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of parasitic infections. For more information, including detailed parasite control recommendations, please visit <strong>capcvet.org<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: Avenir-Roman;font-size: xx-small\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Because these parasites have physiologic similarities, the same molecules are often used for preventive and therapeutic treatments to control a variety of acarine parasites; however, details on long-term control can vary according to the mites encountered.<sup>1-3<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Astigmatid Mites<\/h2>\n<h3><em>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/em> (<strong>Itch Mites<\/strong>)<\/h3>\n<p>Different varieties of <em>S scabiei<\/em> infest a wide range of mammalian hosts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Clinical Findings.<\/strong> These mites tunnel into the host epidermis, causing <em>scabies<\/em>, an intense, pruritic dermatitis with hyperkeratosis and alopecia. Some dogs develop a severe form of sarcoptic mange, <em>crusted scabies<\/em>, with large mite populations within profound hyperkeratosis.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Transmission.<\/strong> Infestations are transmitted through direct contact between animals or fomites (eg, clipper blades). <em>S scabiei <\/em>does not have an environmental stage, but there are reports of their survival for several days off of the host.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Diagnosis.<\/strong> Diagnosis of scabies involves visualization of <em>Sarcoptes<\/em> mites in skin scrapings, which need to be deep enough to examine the full thickness of the epidermis (ie, to produce blood-tinged samples).<\/p>\n<p><em>S scabiei<\/em> can be present despite repeated negative skin scrapings. Anecdotally, the ear itch reflex can be more helpful in presumptive diagnosis than skin scrapings. Empirical treatment and monitoring for response to treatment may be justified if mites are not seen but lesions strongly suggest sarcoptic mange.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Treatment.<\/strong> Several flea- and tick-control products are also labeled for preventing, treating, or aiding in treatment\/control of canine sarcoptic mange; the active ingredients are listed in <strong>Table 1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"580\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"arial\">\n<td colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"arialHeader\">TABLE 1.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Active Ingredients in Products<br \/>\nApproved for Treatment\/Control<br \/>\nof Canine Sarcoptic Mange<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"arial\" valign=\"top\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">\n<ul>\n<li>Dinotefuran + permethrin + pyriproxyfen<\/li>\n<li>Fipronil<\/li>\n<li>Fipronil + amitraz<\/li>\n<li>Fipronil + cyphenothrin<\/li>\n<li>Flumethrin + imidacloprid<\/li>\n<li>Moxidectin + imidacloprid<\/li>\n<li>Pyrethrins<\/li>\n<li>Rotenone<\/li>\n<li>Selamectin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong><em>Otodectes cynotis<\/em> (Ear Mites)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Clinical Findings &amp; Diagnosis.<\/strong> Infection with <em>O cynotis<\/em>\u2014which infest the external ear canal and surrounding skin of dogs, cats, and ferrets\u2014results in head shaking, ear scratching, and inflammation of ear canals. These mites can be observed with an otoscope or by ear canal swabs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Treatment.<\/strong> Selamectin is labeled for treatment of canine and feline <em>O cynotis<\/em> infestations. Secondary bacterial or fungal infections can be present, and these conditions should also be treated when suspected.<\/p>\n<h2>Prostigmatid Mites<\/h2>\n<h3><strong><em>Demodex canis<\/em> (Mange Mites)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The cigar-shaped <em>Demodex<\/em> species is a common parasite of mammals, and mites are usually present in low numbers within hair follicles or sebaceous glands.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Clinical Findings.<\/strong> Demodectic mange in\u00a0dogs, often attributable to an overgrowth of <em>Demodex<\/em> mites, is a moderate to severe disease often associated with underlying systemic disease or a suppressed immune system, as described in more detail elsewhere.<sup>4,5<\/sup> Demodectic mange can be exacerbated by secondary bacterial infections, resulting in a severe form of the disease known as <em>red mange<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Diagnosis.<\/strong> Although easily identified to the genus level, diagnosis of demodicosis requires careful microscopic examination of deep, bloodtinged skin scrapes from alopecic areas to observe the pale cigar-shaped mites.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Treatment.<\/strong> Localized demodicosis may resolve without treatment, or can be treated with rotenone-containing ointment. Generalized demodectic mange may require more aggressive therapy, along with comprehensive measures to address underlying causes of the disease and\/ or secondary bacterial pyoderma. Amitraz is the active ingredient of the product labeled for control of <em>D canis<\/em>.<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3><strong><em>Cheyletiella yasguri<\/em> (Hair-Clasping Mites)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>These nonburrowing mites appear as walking dandruff on the skin surface of dogs, and are readily distinguished microscopically by fanglike chitinous claws on their palps. These mites can cause exfoliative dermatitis; skin lesions may develop on people in close contact with infested dogs or cats. A product containing dinotefuran, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen is labeled for control of canine <em>Cheyletiella<\/em> infestations in the U.S., and off-label treatments are described elsewhere.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Mesostigmatid Mites<\/h2>\n<p>This group includes mites that can become pests when brought into buildings by birds or rodents.<\/p>\n<h3><em>Pneumonyssoides caninum<\/em> (Canine Nasal Mites)<\/h3>\n<p>These non-burrowing mites feed on the keratin layer of epidermis in canine nasal and paranasal sinuses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Clinical Findings &amp; Diagnosis.<\/strong> Although heavy infestations can cause sneezing and epistaxis in some dogs, they are often diagnosed by chance. The relatively large adult mites (&gt; 1 mm, with legs extending beyond edges of their bodies) are visible to the naked eye, and may be seen in nasal secretions or crawling in the nasal cavity during rhinoscopy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Treatment.<\/strong> No drugs are currently approved for treatment of <em>P caninum<\/em>, but macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, selamectin, moxidectin, and milbemycin oxime) are reportedly effective.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<h2>Ticks (Metastigmatids)<\/h2>\n<p>Only about 10 of the approximately 850 known tick species have varying degrees of medical importance in the U.S. These include members of the tick families Argasidae (soft ticks) and Ixodidae (hard ticks), the latter of which are further divided into 2 subfamilies, with distinct biologic features that affect feeding behavior and vector competence.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 2<\/strong> briefly describes some of the tick-borne diseases and zoonoses that affect dogs in the U.S.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"580\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody class=\"arial\">\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"><span class=\"arialHeader\">TABLE 2.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"arial\"><strong>Tick-Borne Diseases of Dogs &amp; Cats in the U.S.<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"arial\">\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>DISEASE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>PATHOGEN<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>PATHOGEN TYPE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>KNOWN\/PUTATIVE VECTOR(S)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>ZOONOTIC DISEASE?<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">American canine hepatozoonosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Hepatozoon americanum<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Protozoan<br \/>\n(Apicomplexa)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Amblyomma maculatum<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Canine babesiosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Babesia vogeli<br \/>\nBabesia gibsoni<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Protozoan<br \/>\n(Apicomplexa)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Canine hepatozoonosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Hepatozoon canis<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Protozoan<br \/>\n(Apicomplexa)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Cyclic thrombocytopenia (anaplasmosis)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Anaplasma platys<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rickettsiales<br \/>\n(Anaplasmataceae)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Feline cytauxzoonosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Cytauxzoon felis<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Protozoan<br \/>\n(Apicomplexa)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Dermacentor variabilis<br \/>\nAmblyomma americanum<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Granulocytic anaplasmosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rickettsiales<br \/>\n(Anaplasmataceae)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Genus <em>Ixodes<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Granulocytic ehrlichiosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Ehrlichia ewingii<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rickettsiales<br \/>\n(Anaplasmataceae)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Amblyomma americanum<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Human babesiosis*<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Babesia microti<br \/>\n(and others)<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Protozoan<br \/>\n(Apicomplexa)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Ixodes scapularis<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Lyme borreliosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Spirochete<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Genus <em>Ixodes<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\">Monocytic ehrlichiosis<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Ehrlichia canis<\/em><br \/>\nRickettsiales<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rickettsiales<br \/>\n(Anaplasmataceae)<br \/>\n<em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Dermacentor variabilis<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Ehrlichia chaffeensis<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Amblyomma americanum<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Ehrlichia muris<\/em>\u2014like agent<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Ixodes scapularis<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\">Rocky Mountain spotted fever<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Rickettsia rickettsii<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rickettsiales<br \/>\n(Rickettsiaceae)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Dermacentor variabilis<br \/>\nRhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"references\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"><em>* With the exception of human babesiosis, etiologic agents of the zoonotic diseases in this table are reported to naturally infect dogs in the U.S. Among European dogs, a Babesia microti-like parasite has been reported; among dogs in the western U.S., the zoonotic agent Babesia conradae was reported.<sup>9<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Argasidae (Soft Ticks)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Soft-bodied ticks lack a sclerotinized dorsal scutum\u00a0and are further characterized by mouthparts that originate on the ventral surface, though these mouthparts may extend beyond the anterior to become visible from the dorsal surface (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8060\" style=\"width: 252px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-2.gif\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8060\" class=\"wp-image-8060 size-figure_img\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-2-242x300.gif\" alt=\"FIGURE 2. Major groups and feeding stages of medically important ticks: Soft ticks (A) lack dorsal scuta and have mouthparts that originate on the ventral surface ( arrow). The mouthparts of hard ticks (B) originate anteriorly, as seen from the dorsal surface (arrow). Hard tick larvae, nymphae, and female adults possess partial dorsal scuta, while male adults possess full dorsal scuta. Courtesy National Center for Veterinary Parasitology and CAPC\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-2-242x300.gif 242w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-2-825x1024.gif 825w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-2-768x953.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8060\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">FIGURE 2. Major groups and feeding stages of medically important ticks: Soft ticks (A) lack dorsal scuta and have mouthparts that originate on the ventral surface ( arrow). The mouthparts of hard ticks (B) originate anteriorly, as seen from the dorsal surface (arrow). Hard tick larvae, nymphae, and female adults possess partial dorsal scuta, while male adults possess full dorsal scuta. <em>Courtesy National Center for Veterinary Parasitology <\/em><em>and CAPC<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Larval and nymphal stages of the one-host spinose ear tick\u2014<em>Otobius megnini<\/em>\u2014infest mammalian ear canals, including those of dogs and people. These ticks are not known to be a vector for pathogens but can cause a painful form of otoacariasis.<\/p>\n<p>Members of another argasid genus, <em>Ornithodoros<\/em>, live in dwellings or bedding areas of their hosts, taking multiple short blood meals over the course of several months to several years. <em>Ornithodoros<\/em> species have not been demonstrated to parasitize dogs in the U.S.; however, they are known to\u00a0feed on dogs in other countries,<sup>10<\/sup> and relapsing fever spirochetes vectored by <em>Ornithodoros<\/em> have been found in dogs from Florida,<sup>11<\/sup> Texas,<sup>12<\/sup> and Washington,<sup>13<\/sup> suggesting that further investigation is warranted.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Ixodidae (Hard Ticks)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Most of the important canine tick parasites are classified within the family Ixodidae, which have partial (larvae, nymphae, and female adults) or complete (male adults) dorsal scuta, and mouthparts that originate at the anterior aspect (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>). Ixodid ticks can directly affect dogs (eg, tick toxicosis\/paralysis, injury to sensory organs, dermatitis, and anemia); however, pathogens transmitted by ixodid ticks are the major concern for dogs in the U.S. (<strong>Table 2<\/strong>).<sup>14,15<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 3<\/strong> describes the distribution, common hosts, and known pathogens transmitted by ixodid ticks most commonly reported to feed on dogs in the U.S.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"580\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody class=\"arial\">\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"><span class=\"arialHeader\">TABLE 3.<\/span><br \/>\n<span class=\"arial\"><strong>Examples of Medically Important Ixodid Ticks in the U.S.<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"arial\">\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>SPECIES<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>DISTRIBUTION<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>COMMON HOSTS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"arial\">\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>LARVAE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>NYMPHS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\"><strong>ADULTS<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Amblyomma americanum<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Central Texas to Florida; north to New York, New Jersey, and Maine; west to Michigan; south through central Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Quail, turkey, wrens, cats, dogs, coyotes, foxes, pigs, squirrels, rabbits, raccoons, cattle, deer, people, other mammals<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Same as larvae<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Cats, dogs, people, coyotes, raccoons, horses, cattle, sheep, deer<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Cytauxzoon felis<br \/>\nEhrlichia chaffeensis<br \/>\nEhrlichia ewingii<br \/>\n<\/em> Possibly <em>Francisella tularensis<\/em> and <em>Rickettsia rickettsii<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Amblyomma maculatum<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Atlantic Coast south of Maryland, Gulf Coast states, Arkansas, Southern Missouri, central and eastern Oklahoma and Kansas<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Small rodents and ground-dwelling birds (eg, quail, meadowlarks)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Similar to larval hosts; includes dogs<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Birds, people, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, bears, rabbits, rodents, pigs, horses, cattle, deer, goats<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Hepatozoon americanum<br \/>\nRickettsia parkeri<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Dermacentor andersoni<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rocky Mountain states: Eastern slopes of the Cascades, east to western edge of Great Plains, south to northern New Mexico and Arizona<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Mice, voles, numerous small mammals<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Cats, dogs, opossums, rabbits, raccoons<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Dogs, coyotes, bears, horses, people, deer, cattle, sheep<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Francisella tularensis<br \/>\nRickettsia rickettsii <\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Dermacentor variabilis<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Florida to Maine, Atlantic coast to Western Plains States; sporadic along Pacific Coast<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Mice, voles, numerous small mammals<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Cats, dogs, opossums, rabbits, raccoons<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Cats, dogs, coyotes, raccoons, horses, cattle, people, other large mammals<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Cytauxzoon felis<br \/>\nFrancisella tularensis<br \/>\nRickettsia rickettsii<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Ixodes pacificus<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Pacific coast; parts of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Small rodents, birds<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Small rodents, birds<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Deer, dogs, coyotes, horses, people<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<br \/>\nBorrelia burgdorferi<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Ixodes scapularis<br \/>\n<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Maine to Florida, central Texas to Minnesota (\u2265 35 states)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rodents (eg, white-footed mice, shrews) and other small mammals, birds, lizards<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Birds, rodents, opossums, raccoons, skunks, cats, people<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Bobcats, coyotes, dogs, foxes, opossums, raccoons, people, horses, cattle, deer, other mammals<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum <\/em><br \/>\n<em>Babesia microti<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/em><br \/>\nPossibly, <em>Ehrlichia muris<\/em>\u2014like agent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\" valign=\"top\"><em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Throughout North America and Hawaii\u2014very common in southeastern and West Coast states; appears to be intolerant of cold; persists in temperate areas by infesting buildings<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Larvae, nymphs, and adults prefer to feed on dogs but are occasionally found on other mammals, including rodents, rabbits, cattle, and, on rare occasions, people<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#cccaca\"><em>Babesia canis<br \/>\nEhrlichia canis<br \/>\nHepatozoon canis<br \/>\nRickettsia rickettsii<br \/>\n<\/em> Possibly <em>Anaplasma platys<\/em> and <em>Babesia gibsoni<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Tick Identification<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Because different ticks transmit different disease agents, tick identification can be useful (<strong>Figure 3<\/strong>), especially when evaluating the likelihood for different transmission scenarios and risk for host exposure.<sup>16<\/sup> Fortunately, with the exception of <em>A maculatum<\/em>, identification to genus level is <em>usually<\/em> sufficient\u00a0to determine which infections are <em>not<\/em> considered transmissible by a tick, and minimal practice is needed to identify most adult ticks with the aid of a dissecting microscope or magnifying glass (<strong>Table 4<\/strong>).\u00a0For example:<\/p>\n<p>All but the genus Ixodes can be eliminated as potential vectors of B burgdorferi, A phagocytophilum, and probably the E muris\u2013like agent.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Similarly, ticks outside the genus Amblyomma are unlikely vectors of E ewingii or H americanum.<\/li>\n<li>Ticks outside the genus Rhipicephalus do not transmit B vogeli.<\/li>\n<li>Ticks outside the genera Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor are not known to transmit E canis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8064\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-3.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8064\" class=\"wp-image-8064 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-3.png\" alt=\"FIGURE 3. Adult stages of ixodid tick species associated with U.S. dogs: Identifi cation should include evaluation of mouthpart length. Ixodes species (A), which can transmit Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and probably the Ehrlichia muris\u2013like agent, possess an anterior anal groove on the ventral surface (arrow) and long mouthparts; these long mouthparts differentiate A americanum (B) and A maculatum (C) from Dermacentor variabilis (D) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (E). Courtesy National Center for Veterinary Parasitology and CAPC\" width=\"570\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-3.png 570w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/PP-fig-3-300x121.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8064\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">FIGURE 3. Adult stages of ixodid tick species associated with U.S. dogs: Identifi cation should include evaluation of mouthpart length. <em>Ixodes<\/em> species (A), which can transmit <em>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/em>, <em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/em>, and probably the <em>Ehrlichia muris<\/em>\u2013like agent, possess an anterior anal groove on the ventral surface (arrow) and long mouthparts; these long mouthparts differentiate <em>A americanum<\/em> (B) and <em>A maculatum<\/em> (C) from <em>Dermacentor variabilis<\/em> (D) and <em>Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/em> (E). <em>Courtesy National Center for Veterinary Parasitology and CAPC<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"580\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"5\">\n<tbody class=\"arial\">\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\">TABLE 4.<br \/>\n<span class=\"arial\"><strong>Morphologic Characteristics of Major Ixodid Genera in the U.S.<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"NAVCMint2\" bgcolor=\"#7fcecd\">\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><strong>GENUS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><strong>BASIS CAPITULUM<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>SECOND PALP SEGMENT<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>FESTOONS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>ORNATE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>EYES<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><em>Ixodes<sup>a<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rectangular<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Long<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Absent<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><em>Amblyomma<\/em><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Triangular<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Long<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Present<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Usually yes<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><em>Haemaphysalis<sup>b<\/sup><\/em><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rectangular<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Short; lateral extension<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Present<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><em>Dermacentor<\/em><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Rectangular<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Short<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Present<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Usually yes<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"NAVCMint2\"><em>Rhipicephalus<\/em><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Hexagonal<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Short<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Absent<sup>c<\/sup><\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Usually no<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#cccaca\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"references\" colspan=\"6\">a. Anterior anal groove is diagnostic for all 3 feeding stages of Ixodes<br \/>\nb. Haemaphysalis in the U.S. are almost exclusively found on wildlife<br \/>\nc. Caudal plates and anal shields can be confused with festoons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Tick Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>As previously indicated, controlling diseases caused by tick-borne pathogens is the most important reason for tick control. Historically, the most successful approaches to vector-borne disease control have used procedures that limited vector access to susceptible hosts. Given the diversity of pathogens that ticks transmit to dogs, this is particularly true for canine tick-borne disease.<\/p>\n<p>Canine Lyme borreliosis, for example, may be prevented with the aid of several commercially available vaccines, and the decision to use such vaccines is warranted in areas where Lyme disease is endemic. However, certain etiologic agents of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are adapted to the same <em>Ixodes<\/em> species that transmit <em>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/em>; therefore, tick control is still necessary to protect susceptible hosts from these additional pathogens.<\/p>\n<p>Effective tick control is approached from different perspectives, which include measures to reduce tick populations in the host environment as well as on individual hosts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Environment.<\/strong> Steps to place barriers between ticks and domestic habitats limit canine (and human) exposure to ticks introduced from outside the household, which include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fences can exclude wildlife and stray pets that may introduce parasites into a dog\u2019s habitat.<\/li>\n<li>Controlling potential food sources, such as garbage, pet food, or vegetation, limits attraction of tick amplification hosts, such as raccoons, opossums, or deer, to the peridomestic environment.<\/li>\n<li>Laying mulch in transition areas between wooded areas and lawns limits tick migration into the lawn and provides a zone for concentrated application of residual pesticides to control ticks.<\/li>\n<li>As with most parasites, desiccation of free-living stages is a valuable control measure; desiccation of unattached ticks is promoted by cutting grass and by removing debris, such as leaf litter, that could provide microhabitats that, in turn, promote off-host survival of ticks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Dogs.<\/strong> Individual hosts can be further protected by preventing them from roaming into areas frequented by animals unprotected from tick infestation, and ticks found on pets should be removed immediately to limit the likelihood of pathogen transmission.<\/p>\n<p>The array of effective tick preventives on the market is expanding. These products (<strong>Table 5<\/strong>) contain one broad range molecule, or a\u00a0combination of molecules, that kill and\/or repel ticks.<sup>17<\/sup> Although choosing from the many effective tick preventives can be challenging, the option of switching to a product based on a different molecule or drug class helps ensure that an efficacious solution is always found.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"360\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"arial\">\n<td colspan=\"2\"><span class=\"arialHeader\">TABLE 5.<\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Molecules in Products Labeled to Kill and\/or Repel Ticks on Dogs<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"arial\" valign=\"top\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">\n<ul>\n<li>Afoxolaner<\/li>\n<li>Amitraz<\/li>\n<li>Fipronil<\/li>\n<li>Fluralaner<\/li>\n<li>Pyrethroids (synthetic pyrethrins, such as deltamethrin, flumethrin, or permethrin)<\/li>\n<li>Selamectin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note that several of these products can be toxic, and subsequently lethal, to cats, so it is critical to carefully check labels to ensure that the right product is applied to the appropriate host species.<\/p>\n<p>CAPC recommends year-round application of these safe, affordable products to protect pets against unexpected exposure to ticks, even outside of tick season. Additional, in-depth, and regularly updated information regarding parasitic disease control guidelines is available at capcvet.org.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span class=\"NAVCMint2\"><strong>Learn More<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Read <a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/capc-parasite-protocols-canine-arthropods-class-insecta\/\"><strong>Canine Arthropods: Class Insecta\u2014Recommendations from the Companion Animal Parasite Council<\/strong> <\/a>in the November\/December 2014 issue of <em>Today&#8217;s Veterinary Practice<\/em><strong>.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The CAPC recommends year-round treatment, control, and prevention of these external parasites.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":624,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":1409,"footnotes":""},"categories":[357],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-458","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-march-april-2015","column-parasitology","clinical_topics-parasitology"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Canine Arthropods: Mites and Ticks \u2013 Recommendations from the Companion Animal Parasite Council | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The CAPC recommends year-round treatment, control, and prevention of these external parasites.\" \/>\n<meta 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