{"id":31097,"date":"2022-06-17T15:38:23","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T15:38:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/?p=31097"},"modified":"2025-12-12T18:35:41","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T18:35:41","slug":"in-clinic-preparation-and-evaluation-of-urine-dry-mount-samples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/clinical-pathology\/in-clinic-preparation-and-evaluation-of-urine-dry-mount-samples\/","title":{"rendered":"In-Clinic Preparation and Evaluation of Urine Dry-Mount Samples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In veterinary practice, urine sediment is commonly evaluated as part of a complete urinalysis performed as routine screening for urinary tract and systemic disease. Identification of formed elements in urine sediment (including cells, casts, and crystals) in wet-mount preparations requires training and expertise. Dry mounts are easy to prepare and routine stains can be used for more in-depth patient-side in-clinic evaluation. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\">Case Selection: Wet-Mount Versus Dry-Mount Preparations<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As part of a complete urinalysis, wet-mount samples are routinely reviewed unstained. At times, staining a wet-mounted urine preparation by using a urine sediment stain can improve visibility. However, staining can sometimes hinder wet-mount evaluation by introducing <\/span>artifacts (stain precipitate, microbial overgrowth);<span class=\"s1\"> cannot preserve cellular morphology (a common misconception); and, for those learning urine sediment, can make evaluation of wet mounts with artifacts more challenging than directly visualizing air-dried preparations stained with a routine in-clinic aqueous quick stain. Dry mounts stained with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain enable direct observation of neutrophil and bacterial morphology without refractile artifacts and the Brownian motion (spontaneous movement of small particulates in fluid samples) seen on wet mounts. Timely analysis of wet-mount samples is paramount as formed elements in urine are labile and can degrade outside the body. Creating a dry-mount slide from the 10% urine sediment preparation is highly desirable because it enables further identification by using routine staining techniques that can serve both teaching and diagnostic purposes. The dry nature of the preparation allows for use of higher magnification oil objectives and creates a stable sample for analysis, including shipment to a reference laboratory if desired.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Dry-mount examination cannot replace wet-mount examination for quantifying cellular constituents, but staining a dry-mount preparation substantially improves qualitative and morphologic assessment of bacteria,<sup>1,2<\/sup> nuclear morphology, and cell identification.<sup>3<\/sup> Dry-mount examination of stained slides can be added to all routine urinalyses, but diagnostic yield in general practice is highest for a few specific scenarios: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p4\">Samples with active sediment (inflammatory cells, bacteria, fungal elements, or erythrocytes)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Samples with increased epithelial cells<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Patients with clinical suspicion of urinary tract neoplasia<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Confirmation of casts<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Unidentified elements<\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\">Samples with abundant mucus or crystals as other elements may be \u201chidden\u201d by these materials (e.g., leukocytes trapped in mucus, numerous amorphous crystals preventing visualization of bacteria)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p2\">Sample Preparation<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Centrifugation<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">All samples begin with centrifugation for wet mounts. To prepare a 10% urine sediment for wet-mount microscopic evaluation, start with 5 mL of urine, centrifuge for 5 minutes at 1500 RPM (revolutions per minute), remove 4.5 mL of supernatant by gentle decanting or using a transfer pipette, and resuspend pellet in 0.5 mL of supernatant with gentle tapping or gentle aspiration with the pipette to mix. Evaluate wet-mount sediment according to usual protocol by evaluating and counting epithelial cells and casts at 10\u00d7 low-power field, and red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, and crystals at 40\u00d7 high-power field. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To further concentrate the sample and increase cellular yield for viewing, an additional centrifuge step may also <\/span>be completed before dry mounting the material (because<span class=\"s1\"> quantification is not performed). This additional step involves centrifuging at 1500 RPM for 5 minutes and removing almost all remaining supernatant (preferably by pipette method), leaving mostly pelleted material with minimal fluid. The twice-concentrated sediment pellet is then used to prepare the dry-mount slide.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Slide Preparation<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If desired, a dry mount can be prepared by using 1\u00a0drop of the 10% urine sediment according to the blood push film technique (see blood smear preparation at <a href=\"http:\/\/eclinpath.com\/hematology\/instructional-videos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s2\">eclinpath.com\/hematology\/instructional-videos<\/span><\/a>), line preparation method (see line preparation at <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/eclinpath.com\/cytology\/effusions-2\/line-smear-compilation-copy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s2\">eclinpath.com\/cytology\/effusions-2\/line-smear-compilation-copy<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\">), or the ribbing method (<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><b>FIGURE 1<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">). Regardless of the slide preparation method used, to retain maximal material for evaluation, ensure that the sample does not run over the short or long edges of the slide.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-custom-gallery su-custom-gallery-align-left su-custom-gallery-title-hover su-lightbox-gallery\"><div class=\"su-custom-gallery-slide\" style=\"width:300px;height:300px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1A.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (A) Place 1 drop of sediment near frosted edge of glass slide.\u00a0Take second spreader slide at approximately 45-degree angle and pull back until the slide touches the material.\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1A.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (A) Place 1 drop of sediment near frosted edge of glass slide.\u00a0Take second spreader slide at approximately 45-degree angle and pull back until the slide touches the material.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><span class=\"su-custom-gallery-title\">Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (A) Place 1 drop of sediment near frosted edge of glass slide.\u00a0Take second spreader slide at approximately 45-degree angle and pull back until the slide touches the material.<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"su-custom-gallery-slide\" style=\"width:300px;height:300px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1B.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (B) Push spreader slide forward with dominant hand approximately \u00bc of the length of the slide. Stop and hold for 1 second to allow the sample to pool.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1B.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (B) Push spreader slide forward with dominant hand approximately \u00bc of the length of the slide. Stop and hold for 1 second to allow the sample to pool.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><span class=\"su-custom-gallery-title\">Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (B) Push spreader slide forward with dominant hand approximately \u00bc of the length of the slide. Stop and hold for 1 second to allow the sample to pool.<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"su-custom-gallery-slide\" style=\"width:300px;height:300px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1C.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (C) Repeat.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1C.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (C) Repeat.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><span class=\"su-custom-gallery-title\">Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (C) Repeat.<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"su-custom-gallery-slide\" style=\"width:300px;height:300px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1D.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (D) At the end of the slide, allow material to accumulate and pull the spreader slide directly up leaving the pooled sample.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1D.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (D) At the end of the slide, allow material to accumulate and pull the spreader slide directly up leaving the pooled sample.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><span class=\"su-custom-gallery-title\">Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (D) At the end of the slide, allow material to accumulate and pull the spreader slide directly up leaving the pooled sample.<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"su-custom-gallery-slide\" style=\"width:300px;height:300px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1E.png\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (E) Example of unstained dried urine sediment prepared by using the ribbing method.\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure1E.png\" alt=\"Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (E) Example of unstained dried urine sediment prepared by using the ribbing method.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><span class=\"su-custom-gallery-title\">Figure 1. Ribbing method slide preparation technique. (E) Example of unstained dried urine sediment prepared by using the ribbing method.<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"su-clear\"><\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the clinic, the author prefers to perform the additional centrifuge step because it creates a drier sediment with less drying time as well as more concentrated cellular material for viewing. The author also uses the ribbing method for slide preparation to create multiple concentrated line preparations for evaluation. Most reference laboratories use a special cytocentrifuge to prepare slides, and dry-mount samples are routinely reviewed according to variations of the criteria provided in the bulleted case selection list previously mentioned.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Drying<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Dry-mount urine sediment slides must be allowed to air dry naturally or by application of a warm air gun (or a hair dryer) on the cool setting before staining; if a slide is not completely dry, the material can wash away in fixative. Heat fixation will alter cell morphology and is contraindicated for all dry preparations (urine, blood, and <a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/diagnostics\/ultrasound-guided-fine-needle-aspiration-and-core-biopsy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fine-needle aspirate<\/a> cytology samples). <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Staining<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The dry-mount slide is then stained with an aqueous Romanowsky stain (quick type) according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions for in-clinic review. Alternatively, the prepared slide can be shipped (unstained or stained) to a <a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/clinical-pathology\/how-to-collect-and-prepare-samples-for-the-laboratory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference laboratory<\/a> for further evaluation. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Viewing<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Examining wet-mount versus dry-mount urine sediment preparations will require adjusting the microscope settings for maximal viewing. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Wet-Mount Preparation:<\/b> Examination of wet mounts requires lowered light for increased refractility, which can be accomplished by lowering the condenser (moving the condenser away or down from the glass microscope stage) using the condenser knob or partially closing the iris diaphragm on the condenser by using the dial (toward 0). <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Dry-Mount Preparation:<\/b> The microscope setting for a dry preparation should be similar to that used for hematology\/cytology samples, with the condenser raised for maximal light (almost touching the underside of the glass microscope stage area) and the iris diaphragm of the condenser open (toward 1). If dry preparations appear dark, check the iris diaphragm dial as changes are not as outwardly visible as when the condenser is lowered.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\">Sediment Evaluation<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Cells<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Epithelial cells seen during wet-mount examination are traditionally classified as squamous or nonsquamous. Further evaluation of nonsquamous epithelial cells using a dry-mount preparation is indicated if transitional (urothelial) cells are increased or when cellular variability suggests atypia. Air-dried preparations allow for more detailed examination of nuclear features, which can be used to screen for and diagnose neoplasia. Rarely, due to their small size, renal tubular epithelial cells can be mistaken for leukocytes on unstained preparations. Leukocytes are often easy to identify as a general category on wet-mount preparations, although further differentiation by specific type is often not possible without stain. Leukocytes are often neutrophils, although in some cases they may not be and further identification using stain can be helpful. Cases of eosinophilic cystitis, urinary tract lymphoma,<sup>4<\/sup> and mast cell tumor<sup>5<\/sup> can be misdiagnosed as suspected urinary tract inflammation\/infection during routine wet-mount examination but are easily identified on air-dried stained samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Crystals<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Creating a dry-mount preparation to further identify crystals is usually not helpful unless performed to <\/span>maintain stability before sending to a reference laboratory for a urine pathology review. Crystals, if retained, can be further viewed on a dry mount, although for many cases, wet-mount analysis is considered superior.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Microbes<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Screening for underlying infection in urine wet-mount preparations can occasionally be challenging when microbes are present in low numbers or because of Brownian motion. Brownian motion artifact can sometimes be mistaken for bacteria, particularly by novice microscopists learning urine sediment evaluation. Bacteria can be confirmed and morphology more accurately assessed by using an oil objective at a higher magnification (e.g., 100\u00d7 objective) than that used for a traditional 40\u00d7 objective wet-mount examination. Concurrent sampling of the gastrointestinal tract may sometimes occur during cystocentesis (particularly in \u201cblind\u201d unguided samples), which can lead to significant numbers of bacteria or yeast in the absence of concurrent pyuria. Further viewing of the bacterial morphologies can aid in the diagnosis of concurrent enterocentesis, particularly in cases in which spore-forming bacteria; spiral-shaped bacteria; yeast, including Y-shaped forms suggestive of <i>Cyniclomyces <\/i>species; algal organisms; protozoa; or parasitic eggs are seen. These organisms should not be present in urine samples and are almost exclusively found in gastrointestinal contents; thus, dry-mount staining will enable identification of probable fecal contamination.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p7\">Unidentified Foreign Objects<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">A key benefit to dry-mount examination is its value for identifying urinary UFOs (unidentified foreign objects). Dry mounts can be powerful learning and training tools for urine sediment analysis and are the primary method many pathologists use for aiding in evaluation of urinary samples with a UFO. In particular, free-catch urinalysis or urine spontaneously obtained off a surface (including litterbox collections for cats) can contain many different and uncommon contaminants, which may be challenging to identify. In most cases, UFOs are usually clinically insignificant (e.g., pollen, starch granules from glove powder) and can be readily identified or merely excluded from being pathologic by staining. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\">Clinical Indications For Dry-Mount Examination<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p4\"><b>Patients with pollakiuria, stranguria, and possible inflammation or blood in urine<\/b> <b>(<\/b><span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 2<\/b><\/span><b>):<\/b> Although both dry mounts and wet mounts can be examined, morphologic features of epithelial cells and bacteria are more readily visualized on a stained dry mount under a higher magnification objective.\n<div id=\"attachment_31103\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31103\" class=\" wp-image-31103\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2A.png 864w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2A-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2A-768x579.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31103\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Urine sediment from a 12-year-old, spayed female bulldog with a history of pollakiuria, stranguria, and possible blood in urine. (A) Unstained wet-mount preparation showing aggregates of epithelial cells, pyuria, hematuria, and low numbers of possible bacteria; 40\u00d7 objective.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31104\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31104\" class=\" wp-image-31104\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2B.png 864w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2B-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure2B-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31104\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Urine sediment from a 12-year-old, spayed female bulldog with a history of pollakiuria, stranguria, and possible blood in urine. (B) Stained dry mount showing detailed evaluation of the transitional epithelial cells, pyuria, hematuria, and confirmed evidence of bacterial infection (bacilli); magnification 100\u00d7 oil objective, aqueous Romanowsky quick stain. Epithelial atypia was suspected to be secondary to bacterial cystitis and recheck examination after clinical resolution of signs did not reveal atypical cells.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><b>Presence of transitional epithelial cells on wet mount:<\/b> Differentiation between normal (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 3A<\/b><\/span>) and abnormal (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 3B<\/b><\/span>) is easier when nuclear features can be reviewed but requires complete clinical information for definitive interpretation (e.g., presence of stones, masses, clinical signs, and diagnostic images if available).\n<div id=\"attachment_31105\" style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31105\" class=\" wp-image-31105\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3A.png 1008w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3A-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3A-768x458.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31105\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Transitional (urothelial) cells on dry-mount preparation. (A) Apparently uniform sheet of transitional (urothelial) cells in a dog.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31106\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31106\" class=\" wp-image-31106\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3B.png 1008w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3B-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure3B-768x427.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31106\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. Transitional (urothelial) cells on dry-mount preparation. (B) Atypical transitional (urothelial) epithelial cells from a dog with transitional cell carcinoma displaying nuclear criteria of malignancy. Both images 100\u00d7 oil objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><b>Confirming casts:<\/b> Mucus and occasionally other artifacts (e.g., fibers, plant material) can be overinterpreted as signs of renal tubular stasis with cast formation. Dry-mount preparations can sometimes be useful for increasing confidence when confirming presence of casts (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 4<\/b><\/span>).\n<div id=\"attachment_31107\" style=\"width: 407px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31107\" class=\" wp-image-31107\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"397\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4A.png 864w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4A-300x243.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4A-768x622.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 397px) 100vw, 397px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31107\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Urine casts. (A) Unstained wet-mount preparation of dog urine, showing fine granular cast; 40\u00d7 objective.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31108\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31108\" class=\" wp-image-31108\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4B.png 1008w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4B-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure4B-768x496.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31108\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Urine casts. (B) Stained dry-mount preparation from same dog, showing fine granular cast; 100\u00d7 oil objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><b>Bacteriuria:<\/b> Routine urinalyses, particularly of free-catch naturally voided samples, may reveal bacteria in low numbers (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 5A<\/b><\/span>). For cases of suspected urinary tract infection, dry-mount examination can aid in further visualizing bacteria within neutrophils (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 5B<\/b><\/span>).\n<div id=\"attachment_31109\" style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31109\" class=\" wp-image-31109\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5A.png 1120w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5A-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5A-1024x514.png 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5A-768x385.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31109\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. Naturally voided samples. (A) Sample from a dog presented for a routine wellness examination. Dry-mount preparation shows extracellular bacterial contamination, consisting of extracellular bacilli and fewer cocci entrapped within mucus.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31110\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31110\" class=\" wp-image-31110\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5B.png 1008w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5B-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure5B-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31110\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. Naturally voided samples. (B) Sample from a dog with a suspected urinary tract infection. Dry-mount preparation shows intracellular cocci and inflammation. Both images 100\u00d7 oil objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><b>Crystalluria:<\/b> Crystals are best seen on wet-mount preparations, but can often be seen also on dry mounts (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 6<\/b><\/span>).\n<div id=\"attachment_31111\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31111\" class=\" wp-image-31111\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6A.png 936w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6A-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6A-768x530.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31111\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. Crystals in dog urine. (A) Dry-mount preparation showing bilirubin crystals along with a single granular cast (center) and some amorphous granular material.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_31112\" style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31112\" class=\" wp-image-31112\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"304\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6B.png 864w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6B-300x229.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6B-768x586.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. Crystals in dog urine. (B) X morphology struvite crystals and a few red blood cells.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31113\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6C.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31113\" class=\" wp-image-31113\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6C.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6C.png 1120w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6C-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6C-1024x541.png 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure6C-768x406.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31113\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 6. Crystals in dog urine. (C) Dry-mount preparation showing crystals from a dog with cystinuria. All images 60\u00d7 objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><b>UFOs:<\/b> Unidentified material is commonly seen on urine wet-mount examination, particularly in free-catch samples. Stained dry-mount preparations allow for further evaluation and visualization of artifacts, including pollen, fibers, lubricant\/ultrasonographic coupling gel, and contamination from enterocentesis (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 7<\/b><\/span>).\n<div id=\"attachment_31114\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31114\" class=\" wp-image-31114\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7A.png 1008w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7A-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7A-768x460.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31114\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. Dry-mount preparations showing unidentified material in dog urine. (A) Free-catch urine sample showing plant material with internal cell walls; 60\u00d7 objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31115\" style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31115\" class=\" wp-image-31115\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7B.png 960w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7B-300x218.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure7B-768x558.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31115\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 7. Dry-mount preparations showing unidentified material in dog urine. (B) Cystocentesis-collected stained preparation showing copious amounts of magenta granular ultrasonographic coupling gel from the ultrasonography contact medium; 100\u00d7 oil objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><b>Concurrent enterocentesis:<\/b> Enterocentesis can inadvertently be performed during cystocentesis. Although an uncommon complication, it should be recognized on urine sediment evaluation (<span class=\"s3\"><b>FIGURE 8<\/b><\/span>) to avoid misinterpretation as infection.\n<div id=\"attachment_31116\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8A.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31116\" class=\" wp-image-31116\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8A.png 864w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8A-300x246.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8A-768x629.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31116\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8. Yeast and bacteria in dog urine collected by cystocentesis. (A) Wet-mount preparation showing budding yeast (needle) with morphology consistent with <em>Cyniclomyces<\/em> species, a common coprophagic contaminant; 40\u00d7 objective.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_31117\" style=\"width: 408px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8B.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31117\" class=\" wp-image-31117\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"398\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8B.png 960w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8B-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Beatty_TVPJulAug22_DryMounts_Figure8B-768x509.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-31117\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8. Yeast and bacteria in dog urine collected by cystocentesis. (B) Stained dry-mount preparation from the same dog, showing yeast and extracellular bacilli; 100\u00d7 oil objective with aqueous Romanowsky quick stain.<\/p><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p2\">Summary<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Dry- and wet-mount preparations are complementary techniques for evaluating urine sediment. Wet-mount preparation requires more training and expertise and can sometimes be challenging to evaluate without the use of stain. Dry-mounts can be quickly and easily prepared in the clinic to help further identify cellular components and unknowns. Although quantification of cellular constituents is best performed by wet-mount examination, dry-mount preparations are superior in many cases, including for qualitative and morphologic assessment of bacteria, nuclear morphology, and cell identification. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Author\u2019s Note:<\/b> An excellent resource for urinalysis, specifically sediment evaluation and elements, is the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine online e-textbook (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eclinpath.com\/urinalysis\"><span class=\"s2\">eclinpath.com\/urinalysis<\/span><\/a>)<i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The dry-mount technique is the method of choice for the identification of cells and bacteria.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":31118,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":7567,"footnotes":""},"categories":[402],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-31097","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-july-august-2022","tag-peer-reviewed","column-features","clinical_topics-clinical-pathology"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>In-Clinic Preparation and Evaluation of Urine Dry-Mount Samples<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The dry-mount technique is the method of choice for the identification of cells and bacteria in general practice.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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