{"id":1429,"date":"2012-09-01T19:54:24","date_gmt":"2012-09-01T19:54:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=1429"},"modified":"2022-04-14T19:47:55","modified_gmt":"2022-04-14T19:47:55","slug":"cytology-of-neoplasia-an-essential-component-of-diagnosis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/cytology\/cytology-of-neoplasia-an-essential-component-of-diagnosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Cytology of Neoplasia: An Essential Component of Diagnosis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/06\/T1209F01.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9886\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/pdf_button.png\" alt=\"pdf_button\" width=\"110\" height=\"27\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Anne Barger, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVP<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Cytology is a quick, easy, and inexpensive diagnostic tool. It is commonly used for the diagnosis of neoplastic processes.<\/p>\n<p>Cytology has several benefits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The risks of fine-needle aspiration are minimal<\/li>\n<li>Anesthesia or sedation is often not required<\/li>\n<li>Aspirated tissue does not require any processing\u2014results can be obtained more quickly than with histopathology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, cytology is not without limitations: due to lack of tissue architecture and variability of cellularity, cytologic diagnoses can be misinterpreted or inconclusive. Cytology is often used in conjunction with biopsy or additional cytochemical or immunocytochemical stains to improve specificity of diagnosis.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"bluboldheader\">Cytologic Classification<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Many neoplasms present as discrete masses in the skin or subcutaneous tissue or within an organ. It is important to understand the cytology of healthy tissue cells in order to recognize a pathologic process, such as a tumor.<\/p>\n<p>Classification is based on cellular morphology and tissue of origin, if recognizable. Cytologically, neoplasms are classified into 1 of 3 categories, with rare exceptions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Epithelial neoplasia<\/li>\n<li>Mesenchymal neoplasia<\/li>\n<li>Round cell neoplasia.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Benign neoplasms should consist of a uniform population of cells; however, it is essential that specimens be thoroughly evaluated for criteria of malignancy, which include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anisocytosis<\/li>\n<li>Anisokaryosis<\/li>\n<li>Prominent\/multiple nucleoli<\/li>\n<li>Variation in the nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio (N:C)<\/li>\n<li>Multiple nuclei<\/li>\n<li>Abnormal mitotic figures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<h2><span class=\"bluboldheader\">What About Melanoma?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Some text books classify melanomas as round cell tumors. However, the cells can exhibit features similar to epithelial, mesenchymal, and round cell tumors, occasionally in the same tumor, which is why they can be difficult to characterize.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2136\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-A.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2136\" class=\"wp-image-2136 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-A-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Figure A\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-A-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-A.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2136\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure A. Benign melanoma from a cat: The cells contain so many granules that individual cellular features are difficult to discern. (Wright-Giemsa stain; 1000x)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong><span class=\"purple\">Benign melanomas<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0generally contain so much pigment within the cytoplasm that it is difficult to fully evaluate the cellular detail.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2137\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-B.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2137\" class=\"wp-image-2137 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-B-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Figure B\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-B-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/Figure-B.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2137\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure B. Malignant melanoma from a dog: The cells exhibit obvious criteria of malignancy, including large prominent nucleoli, and have minimal granulation in the cytoplasm. (Wright-Giemsa stain; 1000x)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong><span class=\"purple\">Malignant melanomas<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>occur most commonly in the oral cavity or nail bed. They often have much less pigment than benign melanomas, making criteria of malignancy, such as a single large prominent nucleoli, easy to spot.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"bluboldheader\">Epithelial Neoplasia<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> <span class=\"purple\">Appearance<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Epithelial cells commonly are cohesive; therefore, cytologically, epithelial tumors are arranged in tightly adhered clusters. The cells are often round with round nuclei, though some epithelial neoplasms, such as squamous cell carcinomas, can have atypical shapes.<\/p>\n<p>N:C varies greatly depending on cell type and tissue of origin:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Epithelial cells from healthy tissue (liver, pancreas, lung, etc) are uniform in size and shape with distinct cell borders.<\/li>\n<li>Neoplastic epithelial cells from glandular tissue may have cytoplasmic vacuoles or produce a cytoplasmic product, appearing as discrete granules or as a large globule that displaces the nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>Carcinomas will generally have marked criteria of malignancy and, in the absence of an inflammatory process, can be easy to distinguish from healthy tissue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong><span class=\"purple\">Types of Tumors<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Some of the more common cutaneous epithelial tumors include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sebaceous adenoma<\/li>\n<li>Trichoblastoma<\/li>\n<li>Squamous cell carcinoma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Sebaceous adenomas<\/strong> are benign and fairly common in dogs but less so in cats.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0Surgical excision should be curative. See\u00a0<strong>Table 1<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">\n<td class=\"bluboldheader\" style=\"text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 1. Cytologic Characteristics of Epithelial Neoplasia<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\" width=\"33%\">Sebaceous Adenomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\" width=\"67%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clusters of uniform glandular epithelial cells<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Abundant and filled with discrete cytoplasmic vacuoles<\/li>\n<li>Nucleus: Often obscured by vacuoles<\/li>\n<li>Difficult to differentiate from sebaceous hyperplasia due to lack of tissue architecture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Basal Cell Tumors<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Small, round cells that occur in clusters or linear rows or ribbons<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Scant rim of pale basophilic cytoplasm<\/li>\n<li>Nucleus: Large and round, with clumped chromatin pattern<\/li>\n<li>Have high nucleus:cytoplasmic ratio<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Trichoblastomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cells are often larger than those of basal cell tumors<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Scant rim of basophilic cytoplasm<\/li>\n<li>Nuclei: Prominent, large and round<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Squamous Cell Carcinomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Round to polygonal shaped cells<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Basophilic in varying amounts; often keratinized<\/li>\n<li>Nuclei: Round; vary greatly in size and chromatin pattern, from coarsely stippled to pyknotic; perinuclear vacuoles common<\/li>\n<li>Often marked variation in nucleus:cytoplasmic ratio because cells vary greatly in level of differentiation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Trichoblastomas (<strong>Figure 1<\/strong>) in dogs were previously known as benign basal cell tumors; they were reclassified as trichoblastomas because, histopathologically, the tumor shows differentiation of the hair germ of the developing follicle.<sup><span style=\"font-size: small\">2<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0They occur most commonly around the head and neck and occasionally metastasize. See\u00a0<strong>Table 1<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics.<sup><span style=\"font-size: small\">3<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig1-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7310\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig1-2.png\" alt=\"f01_fig1-2\" width=\"468\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig1-2.png 468w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig1-2-300x162.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Squamous cell carcinomas (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>) are the most common head and neck tumor,<sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0one of the most common epithelial tumors of the nose and paranasal sinus in cats,<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0and a fairly common oral and nasal tumor in dogs. Cytologic diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma can be straightforward; see Table 1 for a list of cytologic characteristics. These tumors are often ulcerated and necrotic so secondary suppurative inflammation is common.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"bluboldheader\">Mesenchymal Neoplasia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong> <span class=\"purple\">Appearance<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nMesenchymal tumors originate from connective tissue. Connective tissue includes fibrous, adipose, bone, cartilage, and muscle connective tissue.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mesenchymal cells can vary in shape, from round to spindle, and have wispy cytoplasmic borders.<\/li>\n<li>The nuclei are often oval but occasionally round.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Healthy mesenchymal tissue does not exfoliate well but malignant mesenchymal tissue exfoliates readily; cellularity can assist with a diagnosis of neoplasia.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"purple\">Types of Tumors<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma, exhibit obvious criteria of malignancy.<\/li>\n<li>However, other mesenchymal tumors (classified as soft tissue sarcomas on histopathology) display minimal criteria for malignancy.<\/li>\n<li>This histopathologic subheading includes a number of tumors, including:\n<ul>\n<li>Perivascular wall tumors, such as myopericytomas and hemangiopericytomas<\/li>\n<li>Peripheral nerve sheath tumors, such as neurofibromas and schwannomas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">\n<td class=\"bluboldheader\" style=\"text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 2. Cytologic Characteristics of Mesenchymal Neoplasia<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\" width=\"33%\">Osteosarcomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\" width=\"67%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Majority consist of plasmacytoid cells<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Basophilic in varying amounts; often contains eosinophilic granules (common to find eosinophilic product within background; ie, osteoid)<\/li>\n<li>Nuclei: Large, prominent; often eccentrically placed in cell<\/li>\n<li>Often marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis plus multinucleation<\/li>\n<li>Erythrophagia occasionally observed in neoplastic osteoblasts;<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0low numbers of osteoblasts observed in these specimens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Hemangiosarcomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Spindle-shaped, plump cells<\/li>\n<li>Nuclei: Large, prominent<\/li>\n<li>Moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis<\/li>\n<li>Erythrophagia occasionally observed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Soft Tissue Sarcomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Unusually shaped cells<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Very long, often bipolar, projections; can contain low numbers of discrete vacuoles<\/li>\n<li>Nuclei: Prominent and round, with a stippled chromatin pattern; multinucleated cells containing 5 to 6 nuclei are common<\/li>\n<li>Red blood cells often identified in background<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"references\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">1. Barger A, Skowronski M, MacNeill A. Cytologic identification of erythrophagocytic neoplasms in dogs. Accepted for publication; Vet Clin Pathol.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Osteosarcomas (Figure 3)<\/strong>\u00a0can be difficult to differentiate from other primary bone tumors. A cytochemical stain is available to help differentiate osteosarcoma from other mesenchymal tumors. One limitation of this stain is that normal or reactive osteoblasts will also stain positively; therefore, close examination of the aspirate for clear evidence of malignancy is recommended before this stain is performed.<sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0See\u00a0<strong>Table 2<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hemangiosarcomas (Figure 4)<\/strong>\u00a0can occur in multiple locations, including the spleen, liver, bone, skin, muscle, and heart. Thoracic and abdominal hemangiosarcomas are often accompanied by significant hemorrhage. Masses are often cavitated, making it difficult to obtain a diagnostic sample.<\/p>\n<p>If possible, aspiration of a more solid portion of the mass is beneficial. See\u00a0<strong>Table 2<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics. Histopathologically, hemangiosarcomas are occasionally described as epithelioid and have solid areas, which result in a more cellular aspirate.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Soft tissue sarcoma (Figure 5)<\/strong>\u00a0aspirates are often cellular and consist of aggregates and individualized mesenchymal cells. See\u00a0<strong>Table 2<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics. However, these sarcomas cannot be classified as malignant based on cytology. Instead, histopathologic grading and immunohistochemistry are recommended to predict the behavior of these tumors.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lipomas (Figure 6)<\/strong>\u00a0are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. Cytologically, a lipoma cannot be distinguished from subcutaneous adipose tissue. Grossly, the aspirate itself will consist of droplets of lipid that often rinse away during the staining process. Intact adipocytes are large cells with voluminous amounts of cytoplasm and small round nuclei.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig3456.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7311\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig3456.png\" alt=\"f01_fig3,4,5,6\" width=\"468\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig3456.png 468w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig3456-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig3456-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"bluboldheader\">Round Cell Neoplasia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong> <span class=\"purple\">Appearance<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nThese tumors have many similar features that include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Round cell shape<\/li>\n<li>Arrangement of cells individually or in sheets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These tumors exfoliate very well, resulting in highly cellular cytologic specimens. Each round cell tumor has distinct features.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"purple\">Types of Tumors<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nRound cell tumors consist of several different tumor types; the most common include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plasma cell tumors<\/li>\n<li>Histiocytomas<\/li>\n<li>Mast cell tumors<\/li>\n<li>Lymphoma<\/li>\n<li>Transmissible venereal tumors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Plasma cell tumors (Figure 7)<\/strong>\u00a0can be difficult to distinguish from histiocytoma, especially if a prominent golgi apparatus is not visible. See\u00a0<strong>Table 3<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Histiocytomas (Figure 8)<\/strong>\u00a0are only identified in dogs and commonly diagnosed in dogs less than 4 years of age.<sup>1<\/sup>\u00a0The neoplastic cell is a Langerhans cell or epidermal dendritic cell<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0and often resolves on its own. See\u00a0<strong>Table 3<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mast cell tumors (Figure 9)<\/strong>\u00a0are the most common skin tumor in dogs.<sup>10<\/sup>\u00a0They can occur as single or multiple skin tumors and occasionally infiltrate the abdominal organs and bone marrow. Mast cell tumors cannot be graded on cytology; histopathology is required. Aspiration of the draining lymph nodes may be beneficial to determine the potential behavior of the tumor. See\u00a0<strong>Table 3<\/strong>, page 16, for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>Mast cell granules stain consistently with Giemsa, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue stains; however, they do not consistently stain with aqueous-based Romanowsky stains, such as Diff-Quik. When doing in-house cytology, it is important to leave at least 1 slide unstained; then if the slide is sent to a laboratory, the stains mentioned previously can be performed.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig789.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7312\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig789.png\" alt=\"f01_fig7,8,9\" width=\"504\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig789.png 504w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig789-300x137.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lymphomas<\/strong>\u00a0(<strong>Figure 10<\/strong>) are more commonly a pure population of large, intermediate or, less likely, small lymphocytes. They appear cytologically similar whether in lymph nodes, skin, or visceral organs. Biopsy with histopathology, polymerase chain reaction for T- and B-cell gene rearrangements, and immunocytochemical staining can be beneficial when characterizing or classifying this neoplasm. See Table 3 for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Transmissible venereal tumors (Figure 11)<\/strong>\u00a0are found in dogs, wolves, and coyotes and transmitted primarily by physical contact.<sup>11<\/sup>\u00a0See\u00a0<strong>Table 3<\/strong>\u00a0for a list of cytologic characteristics.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig10-11.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7313\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig10-11.png\" alt=\"f01_fig10-11\" width=\"455\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig10-11.png 455w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_fig10-11-300x156.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr bgcolor=\"#ffffff\">\n<td class=\"bluboldheader\" style=\"text-align: left\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 3. Cytologic Characteristics of Round Cell Neoplasia<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\" width=\"33%\">Plasma Cell Tumors<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\" width=\"67%\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Basophilic in moderate amount<\/li>\n<li>Nucleus: Eccentrically placed; binucleated and multinucleated cells commonly observed<\/li>\n<li>Often a perinuclear clearing or prominent golgi apparatus observed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Histiocytomas<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sheets of uniform round cells<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Moderate rim of pale basophilic cytoplasm; distinguishing characteristic is clearing of cytoplasm at periphery of cell<\/li>\n<li>Nucleus: Often centrally placed<\/li>\n<li>As tumors begin to resolve, increasing numbers of small lymphocytes are seen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Mast Cell Tumors<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Basophilic in moderate amount, containing varying numbers of metachromatic granules<\/li>\n<li>Nucleus: Round and centrally placed; often chromatin pattern and nucleoli cannot be fully evaluated due to intense granulation<\/li>\n<li>Eosinophils often seen in dogs; less frequently in cats<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Lymphoma<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Round cells<\/li>\n<li>Cytoplasm: Scant rim of basophilic cytoplasm; occasionally has low numbers of eosinophilic granules<\/li>\n<li>Nucleus: Large and round; lymphoma consisting of large- or intermediate-sized lymphocytes likely has prominent nuclei<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"blue\" valign=\"top\" bgcolor=\"#ebf3fa\">Transmissible Venereal Tumors<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#d9e8f4\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chromatin pattern is coarse with occasional binucleation<\/li>\n<li>Moderate amount of pale basophilic cytoplasm; often contains several small discrete cytoplasmic vacuoles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"bluboldheader\">In Summary<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Cytology is a useful diagnostic tool, especially in the evaluation of neoplasia. It is a noninvasive technique with sometimes immediate results. Identification of a malignant process can be done easily in many cases and may assist veterinarians in planning the next diagnostic step.<\/p>\n<p>N:C = nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"references\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"references\">Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ. Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): <em>Tumors in Domestic Animals, 4th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press, 2002.<\/em><\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Sharif M, Reinacher M. Clear cell trichoblastomas in two dogs.<em> J Vet Med<\/em> 2006; 53:352-354.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Stockhaus C, Teske E. Assessment of cytological criteria for diagnosing basal cell tumours in the dog and cat. <em>J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42:582-586.<\/em><\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Fidel J, Lyons J, Tripp C, et al. Treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma with accelerated radiation therapy and concomitant carboplatin in cats. <em>J Vet Int Med<\/em> 2011; 25(3):504-510.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Mukaratirwa S, van der Linde-Sipman JS, Gruys E. Feline nasal and paranasal sinus tumours: Clinicopathological study, histomorphological description and diagnostic immunohistochemistry of 123 cases. <em>J Fel Med Surg<\/em> 2001; 3:235-245.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Barger A, Graca R, Bailey K, et al. Use of alkaline phosphatase staining to differentiate canine osteosarcoma from other vimentin positive tumors. <em>Vet Pathol<\/em> 2005; 42:161-165.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Shor S, Helfand SC, Gorman E, L\u00f6hr CV. Diagnostic exercise: Epithelioid hemangiosarcoma mimicking metastatic prostatic neoplasia in a dog. <em>Vet Pathol<\/em> 2009; 46:548-552.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Avallone G, Helmbold P, Caniatti M, et al. The spectrum of canine cutaneous perivascular wall tumors: Morphologic, phenotypic and clinical characterization. <em>Vet Pathol<\/em> 2007; 44:607-620.<\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">Affolter KV, Moore PF. Canine cutaneous systemic histiocytosis: Reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells. <em>Am J Dermatopath 2000; 22:40-48.<\/em><\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">London CA, Seguin B. Mast cell tumors in the dog. <em>Vet Clin North Am Small Anim 2003; 33:473-489.<\/em><\/li>\n<li class=\"references\">von Holdt BM, Ostrander EA. The singular history of a canine transmissible tumor.<em> Cell<\/em> 2006; 126:445-447.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"references\"><span class=\"author-bio\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_Barger.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7309\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2012\/09\/f01_Barger.png\" alt=\"f01_Barger\" width=\"100\" height=\"117\" \/><\/a>Anne Barger,<\/b> DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVP, is a clinical associate professor in pathobiology at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine and the section head of clinical pathology for its Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Her research interests include immunocytochemistry, osteosarcoma, and cytology, and she is a prolific writer on these topics. Dr. Barger is a member of the American College of Veterinary Pathology&#8217;s exam committee and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology&#8217;s membership committee. She received her DVM and MS from University of Illinois and completed a residency in clinical pathology at North Carolina State University.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Anne Barger, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVP Cytology is a quick, easy, and inexpensive diagnostic tool.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":187,"featured_media":2687,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":13947,"footnotes":""},"categories":[382],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-1429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-september-october-2012","tag-peer-reviewed","column-features","clinical_topics-cytology"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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