{"id":1353,"date":"2013-01-01T17:18:46","date_gmt":"2013-01-01T17:18:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=1353"},"modified":"2022-02-18T17:00:31","modified_gmt":"2022-02-18T17:00:31","slug":"vital-vaccination-vaccine-adverse-events-acute-allergic-angioedema","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/preventive-medicine\/vital-vaccination-vaccine-adverse-events-acute-allergic-angioedema\/","title":{"rendered":"Vaccine Adverse Events: Acute Allergic Angioedema"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/09\/T1301C04.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9886\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/pdf_button.png\" alt=\"pdf_button\" width=\"110\" height=\"27\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><em>Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM &amp; ACVPM (Hon)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Post-vaccinal angioedema appears to be among the most common vaccine adverse events. Addressed are risk factors, treatment, and prevention of this reaction, plus reporting of vaccine adverse events.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A vaccine adverse event (adverse reaction) is defined as: <em>any undesirable side effect or unintended effect (including failure to immunize) associated with the administration of a licensed biologic product (vaccine)<\/em>.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">While the actual incidence of vaccine-associated adverse reactions in veterinary medicine is considered to be low, studies addressing the pathophysiology, management, and prevention of vaccine adverse events in veterinary medicine are limited.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>2,3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>ANGIOEDEMA DEFINED<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Of the acute vaccine adverse events known to occur in cats and dogs, post-vaccinal angioedema, or swelling of the face and ears, appears to be among the most common adverse events observed and treated in practice.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Pathophysiology<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In dogs and cats, post-vaccination angioedema is believed to result from a type-1 hypersensitivity and IgE-mediated degranulation of mast cells in skin.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Potent vasoactive compounds\u2014such as histamine, platelet activating factor, leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D2\u2014cause fluid release in the following (deeper) layers of skin:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Dermis<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Mucosa<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Submucosa.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">These compounds are likely responsible for the development of post-vaccinal angioedema. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Angioedema is distinguished from urticaria (or hives), an acute pruritic allergic reaction, due to the fact that urticaria affects the superficial layers of skin. Respiratory distress (laryngeal edema) is occasionally reported in humans with acute-onset angioedema but has not been reported in dogs or cats.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Clinical Signs<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The periorbital tissues and muzzle are commonly affected (<b>Figure<\/b>). Affected animals typically develop localized (versus systemic) asymmetrical swelling of the skin and mucous membranes within minutes to a few hours following administration of a vaccine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Limited studies in affected dogs indicate that vital signs and laboratory profiles tend to be normal. Although some animals may appear to manifest mild discomfort associated with the swelling, pruritus is uncommon.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3391\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/FIGURE-1-angioedema.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3391\" class=\"wp-image-3391 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/FIGURE-1-angioedema-300x247.jpg\" alt=\"FIGURE 1 angioedema\" width=\"300\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/FIGURE-1-angioedema-300x247.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/FIGURE-1-angioedema.jpg 365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3391\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure. Post-vaccinal angioedema in a dachshund<\/p><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Incidence<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The true incidence of post-vaccination angioedema is unknown due to limited reporting and the absence of a meaningful, accessible adverse event database for veterinary medicine. Lack of data further complicates the compilation of key epidemiologic information, such as type of vaccine(s) administered, prior vaccination history, patient age, breed, and gender, which could facilitate efforts by veterinarians to reduce reactions or mitigate risk during subsequent vaccine appointments.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>VACCINE-INDUCED ANGIOEDEMA<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Vaccine Type<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">While acute-onset angioedema is <em>anecdotally<\/em> reported to be associated with administration of leptospirosis vaccines, the reaction has occurred in dogs that have never received a dose of leptospirosis vaccine. In addition, similar post-vaccinal reactions have been observed in cats. Inactivated vaccines, such as rabies and Lyme borreliosis, as well as attenuated (modified-live) vaccines have been implicated.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Antigen Role<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The specific antigen(s) responsible for causing acute angioedema may not, in fact, be associated with the immunizing antigen. Excipient proteins and associated chemicals typically found in many vaccines (eg, bovine serum albumin, adjuvant, antibiotic) may act as a sensitizing allergen in an individual animal. For this reason, simply changing vaccine manufacturers does not guarantee that the reaction will not reoccur in a patient with a prior history of angioedema.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-in-brief.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9591 size-figure_img\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-in-brief-316x300.jpg\" alt=\"EpubXpress - Text PDF\" width=\"316\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Urticaria (hives) and pruritus are not commonly associated with post-vaccinal angioedema.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 class=\"wp-caption-dd\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>RISK FACTORS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Dogs<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Risk factors reported to be associated with acute onset (within 72 hours) post-vaccinal reactions suggest a greater risk among young adult, small-breed (&lt; 10 kg), neutered dogs that receive multiple vaccine doses at the same appointment.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Cats<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Risk factors for cats are similar and suggest that post-vaccinal (occurring within 30 days) adverse reactions were most likely to occur in young adult, neutered cats that receive multiple vaccine doses at the same appointment.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> However, these studies assessed the occurrence of multiple types of adverse reactions and were not limited to angioedema.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Revaccination<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Interestingly, there are no studies documenting increased risk for adverse reactions at the time of revaccination among patients with a prior history of post-vaccinal angioedema.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Vist bevaccinesmart.com\u2014a website that offers vital information for both veterinarians and pet owners\u2014to find comprehensive coverage on the importance of vaccination, history and perception of vaccines, clinical signs to watch for after vaccination, resources practitioners can use within their practices, and much more.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>PATIENT MANAGEMENT<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The clinician should consider 2 issues regarding the management of acute-onset post-vaccination angioedema:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Immediate treatment of the affected patient <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Preventive measures for patients with a prior history of post-vaccinal angioedema.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Immediate Treatment of Affected Patient<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Because it is not possible to predict which patients will have mild, self-limiting signs and which ones will develop severe swelling or systemic anaphylaxis, treatment of any patient with evidence of post-vaccinal edema is justified.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Parenteral (IM or IV) administration of a single dose of <strong>prednisolone, 0.5 to 1 mg\/kg<\/strong>, is expected to be sufficient. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Ideally, the patient should be hospitalized and observed for at least 1 to 2 hours to determine if the signs worsen or respiratory distress develops. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Administration of an antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine, is not contraindicated. However, a patient is unlikely to benefit significantly from a dose of an H-1 inhibitor once histamine has been released and tissue swelling has developed. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Treatment with IV fluids and epinephrine is not indicated in the patient with uncomplicated angioedema.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<h2 class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>REPORTING VACCINE ADVERSE EVENTS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Although reporting of vaccine adverse events in the U.S. and Canada is voluntary, veterinarians are encouraged to report known and suspected adverse reactions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>In the United States<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians are encouraged to report vaccine adverse events to the Technical Services section of the manufacturer of the product(s) suspected to have caused the reaction prior to contacting the regulatory agency, the USDA Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Alternatively, veterinarians may contact the CVB directly; 3 options are available:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Online:<\/strong> www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal_health\/vet_biologics\/vb_adverse_event.shtml<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Fax or mail:<\/strong> Download PDF form from CVB website and:<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Fax to 515-337-6120 or<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Mail to the CVB at 1920 Dayton Ave, PO Box 844, Ames IA 50010<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Phone:<\/strong> Call the CVB at 800-752-6255<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>In Canada<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians are encouraged to contact the manufacturer of the product(s) believed to have caused the adverse event.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Alternatively, veterinarians can report a vaccine adverse event to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) by accessing Form CFIA\/ACIA 2205: Notification of Suspected Adverse Events to Veterinary Biologics, available at http:\/\/inspection.gc.ca\/english\/for\/pdf\/c2205e.pdf.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Patient with Prior History of Post-Vaccinal Angioedema<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"s1\">Although vaccination of patients with a prior history of angioedema is not contraindicated, the clinician should attempt to limit the number of vaccines administered to only those deemed necessary. Note that arbitrarily reducing the volume of a vaccine dose to mitigate risk may result in failure to immunize and, therefore, is NOT recommended.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In addition, many clinicians elect to administer treatment prior to vaccination to mitigate potential risk associated with revaccination; however, the benefits an individual patient derives from pre-vaccination treatment have not been studied.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Pre-vaccination treatment typically entails:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Dogs:<\/strong> Administration of a single dose of <strong>diphenhydramine, 2 to 4 mg\/kg PO or 1 to 2 mg\/kg IM<\/strong> (maximum dose, 50 mg), approximately 30 minutes prior to vaccination <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Cats:<\/strong> Administration of a single dose of <strong>diphenhydramine, 2 to 4 mg\/kg PO or 1 mg\/kg IM<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">IV administration of diphenhydramine is NOT recommended in these patients.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Anecdotally, some practices recommend administering both an antihistamine and corticosteroid prior to revaccination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-box.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9592\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-box-300x146.jpg\" alt=\"EpubXpress - Text PDF\" width=\"300\" height=\"146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-box-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-box-1024x498.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-box-768x374.jpg 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/01\/010213-vv-box.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"wp-caption-dd\"><span class=\"s1\">References<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Welborn LV, DeVries JF, Ford R, et al. 2011 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. <em>JAAHA<\/em> 2011; 47:1-42; available online at jaaha.org.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Meyer EK. Vaccine-associated adverse events. <em>Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract<\/em> 2001; 31:493-514.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Roth JA. Mechanistic bases for adverse vaccine reaction and vaccine failures. <em>Advances Vet<\/em> Med 1999; 41:681-700.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Frana TS, Clough NE, Gatewood DM, Rupprecht CE. Postmarketing surveillance of rabies vaccines for dogs to evaluate safety and efficacy. <em>JAVMA<\/em> 2008; 232:1000-1002.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Moore GE, HogenEsch H. Adverse vaccinal events in dogs and cats. <em>Vet Clin Small Anim Small Anim Pract<\/em> 2010; 40:393-407.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Moore GE, Guptill LF, Ward MP, et al. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. <em>JAVMA<\/em> 2005; 227:1102-1108.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Moore GE, DeSantis-Kerr AC, Guptill LF, et al. Adverse events after vaccine administration in cats: 2,560 cases (2002-2005). <em>JAVMA<\/em> 2007; 231:94-100.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span class=\"author-bio\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/Richard-B.-Ford.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8112 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2015\/03\/Richard-B.-Ford.png\" alt=\"Richard B. Ford\" width=\"100\" height=\"119\" \/><\/a>Richard B. Ford<\/strong>, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM &amp; ACVPM (Hon), is Emeritus Professor of Medicine at North Carolina State University&#8217;s College of Veterinary Medicine. He is a retired Brigadier General from the USAF Reserve, where he was assigned to the Office of the Surgeon General at the Pentagon. Dr. Ford is also a past president of the NAVC Conference and continues his role as a member of the scientific program committee. His clinical interests are in the field of companion animal infectious disease; he is a prolific author and serves on both the AAHA Canine Vaccination Task Force and AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel. Dr. Ford received his DVM from Ohio State University and completed an internal medicine residency at Michigan State University. He held a previous faculty position at Purdue University.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Richard B.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2701,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":2859,"footnotes":""},"categories":[376],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-1353","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-january-february-2013","tag-peer-reviewed","clinical_topics-preventive-medicine"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vaccine Adverse Events: Acute Allergic Angioedema | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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