{"id":1331,"date":"2013-03-01T16:53:04","date_gmt":"2013-03-01T16:53:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=1331"},"modified":"2022-02-17T19:18:49","modified_gmt":"2022-02-17T19:18:49","slug":"top-ten-toxicoses-in-dogs-cats","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/toxicology\/top-ten-toxicoses-in-dogs-cats\/","title":{"rendered":"Top Ten: Toxicoses in Dogs &amp; Cats"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2016\/09\/T1303C09.pdf\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9886\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2011\/07\/pdf_button.png\" alt=\"pdf_button\" width=\"110\" height=\"27\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><em>Tina Wismer, DVM, Diplomate ABVT &amp; ABT<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In honor of Poison Prevention Week, Dr. Wismer of the ASPCA&#8217;s Poison Control Center reviews information gathered from over 180,000 cases to name the &#8220;top ten&#8221; types of poisonings in 2012.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">March 17 through 23, 2013, is designated as Poison Prevention Week by the Poison Prevention Week Council (<b>poisonprevention.org<\/b>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The U.S. Congress established National Poison Prevention Week on September 16, 1961, and the Poison Prevention Week Council was organized shortly thereafter to coordinate this annual event and promote poison prevention. Last year&#8217;s Poison Prevention Week marked the week&#8217;s 50th anniversary.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As highlighted in this article, the best resource for poison prevention in pets is the ASPCA&#8217;s Poison Control Center website\u2014<b>aspca.org\/pet-care\/poison-control<\/b>. The website not only provides a &#8220;hotline&#8221; number for pet owners or veterinary professionals to call in case of a pet&#8217;s potential poisoning, but also offers a number of resources on toxicities in pets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\">Highlight Poison Prevention Week in your practice to increase your clients\u2019 awareness of potential toxins in their homes and other areas<\/p>\n<p align=\"LEFT\">their pets may visit. Use our Poison Prevention in Pets handout, available for download and use in your clinic at <strong>todaysveterinarypractice.com<\/strong>, to help staff and pet owners identify common household items that may be dangerous to pets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong><i>&#8220;Common things happen commonly&#8221;<\/i><\/strong> is a good adage for veterinary toxicology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To help veterinary professionals and pet owners with poison-related emergencies, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) offers a valuable resource: phone consultations with veterinary toxicologists, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year (<b>888-426-4435<\/b>).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Last year, the APCC compiled data from 180,000 cases received during 2012 to help increase both veterinary and consumer knowledge about poisoning in pets.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Domestic dogs were most often exposed to toxins (79.3%), followed by cats (13.2%), birds and small mammals (ferrets, lagomorphs, rodents) (3.8%), and large animals (horses, cows) (2.13%).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Most dogs and cats are accidentally exposed to poisons, with most exposures resulting from ingestion of human medication. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Malicious poisonings account for <\/span><span class=\"s3\">less<\/span><span class=\"s1\"> than 1% of reported situations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Data from the calls also identified the top 10 pet toxins evaluated by the APCC in 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><i>While not all poisonings are reported to the APCC<\/i><\/b>, the information gained by <\/span><span class=\"s4\"><b>identification of toxins and trends associated with exposure<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> can help veterinarians efficiently determine a differential diagnosis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"p3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-top-ten.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-figure_img wp-image-9451\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-top-ten-534x300.png\" alt=\"030413 top ten\" width=\"534\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>1. HUMAN PRESCRIPTION MEDICATIONS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span class=\"s1\">The number one group of substances the APCC received calls about in 2012 was human prescription medications, accounting for 25,200 calls.<span class=\"s2\"><sup><span style=\"font-size: small\">1<\/span><\/sup><\/span> The number of people prescribed medications for chronic disease is continually growing and so are accidental ingestions of these medications by pets (such as consuming dropped pills or getting into pill organizers).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Cardiac medications are the largest group of human medications ingested, ranging from relatively safe (ie, diuretics, ACE inhibitors) to life-threatening (ie, calcium channel blockers, digoxin) products.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Antidepressants, thyroid, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications are also commonly ingested. Cats are not normally attracted to large pills but they are strangely drawn to venlafaxine (Effexor, pfizer.com) capsules.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians should counsel owners to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Store and take their medications in a place away from pets<\/b> to prevent them from ingesting any dropped pills.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Keep medication bottles out of reach of pets<\/b> to prevent dogs from chewing on the bottles\/caps and gaining access to the pills (unfortunately, child-safety caps are not pet-safe!). <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Store pet and human medications separately<\/b> to avoid accidental administration of human medications to pets or vice versa.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>2. INSECTICIDES<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As new products have become more specific for insect physiology in the past 10 to 20 years, insecticides have become much safer for mammals. However, insecticide granules, yard sprays, and preventives used on pets can cause serious problems if not administered correctly. Eleven percent of phone calls to the APCC were in regard to insecticide exposure.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians should emphasize that: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Owners read the label and follow directions<\/b> before using any insecticide<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Products labeled for dogs only should NOT be used for cats<\/b>. Applying permethrin products that are labeled for dogs on cats can cause tremors and seizures, and require immediate medical intervention.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Cats may have taste reactions<\/b> (hypersalivation) that can occur when a spray or spot-on product is applied and the cat grooms itself, ingesting the product.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Cats are over-represented in the insecticide category due to taste reactions. These reactions are not poisonings, but cats foaming at the mouth obviously make owners very concerned. The best treatment is to offer food to the cat (eg, milk, canned food, tuna), which removes the bad taste.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>3. OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN PRODUCTS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many pet owners do not realize that OTC medications are dangerous.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Ibuprofen is the most common OTC medication ingested by pets. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The toxin with the biggest gain in this category is vitamin D (cholecalciferol).<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Many physicians are now prescribing large doses of vitamin D for patients, and manufacturers have responded by producing products with higher amounts of this vitamin (which can be available as highly palatable chocolate-flavored or gummy chews). <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many pets are also attracted to OTC joint care products and nutraceuticals due to their animal origins. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians need to inform pet owners that:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>OTC medications, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen, can kill their pets.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>OTC human products should never be administered to a pet without consulting a veterinarian first.<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>4. VETERINARY PRODUCTS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Chewable medications are a double-edged sword in veterinary medicine. They are easy to administer to dogs or cats; however, these tasty medications can also mean that the pet, if given access, will ingest all the tablets in the bottle. Examples include veterinary NSAIDs, phenylpropanolamine, joint care supplements, and heartworm medications, which are all commonly sold in chewable formulations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Avermectin toxicity is a concern in collie-type breeds; however, the dose of avermectin in canine heartworm preventatives is safe for these breeds. Toxicity can occur when:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Owners use ivermectin horse dewormers, which have a much higher concentration of avermectin, for their dogs. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">A dog consumes dewormer paste that has dropped on the ground from the horse&#8217;s mouth or the tube.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians should always make sure to: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Remind owners to keep pet medications out of their pets&#8217; reach<\/b>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Recommend that pets be separated during pill administration<\/b>, if there are multiple pets in the household.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>5. HOUSEHOLD ITEMS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The APCC received approximately 10,000 calls about household items in 2012.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paint, cleaning products, and laundry detergents are only a few types of items that pets may ingest in the home. Some household items may only cause gastrointestinal upset, while some can be deadly. Other items, such as dry wall, fire logs, and polyurethane glues, are not poisonous but can cause gastrointestinal obstructions requiring surgery. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians can help prevent tragedies by instructing owners or providing resources on how to pet-proof homes; for example, crate training, cabinet locks, and baby gates can provide safe areas for pets. The APCC offers a helpful checklist\u2014<strong>A Poison Safe Home<\/strong>\u2014at <b>aspca.org\/pet-care\/poison-control\/a-poison-safe-home<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>6. HUMAN FOODS\u00a0(Other Than Chocolate)<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The most common toxicosis in this group is xylitol (a sugar substitute) toxicity.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Xylitol can be found in sugarless gums, candies, mints, and baked goods, and can cause low blood sugar, seizures, and liver failure in dogs.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Many owners are not aware of the danger this toxin presents to their dogs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Other food items that cause concern are grapes\/raisins, onions\/garlic, and avocados.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Grapes and raisins can cause kidney failure; signs may be more dramatic in animals that have concurrent illness. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Onions and garlic can cause gastrointestinal irritation and may lead to red blood cell damage. Cats are most susceptible, but dogs that consume a large amount of these vegetables\/herbs are also at risk. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Avocados are dangerous to birds and rabbits, but only cause gastrointestinal upset in dogs and cats (the pit can become a foreign body if ingested).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Finally, moldy food can grow toxins that cause tremors and seizures if ingested.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> A comprehensive list\u2014<strong>People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets<\/strong>\u2014can be found at <b>aspca.org\/pet-care\/poison-control\/people-foods.aspx<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>7. CHOCOLATE<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">While the word has been out for a while that chocolate can be toxic to pets, it is still the number one human food that pets ingest. The APCC received 8575 calls about chocolate in 2012, about 23.5 a day.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> The darker the chocolate, the higher the methylxanthine content and higher the risk of toxicity.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Because cats do not have the same &#8220;sweet&#8221; taste buds as dogs and humans, dogs are the most likely species to be poisoned by chocolate. Signs of chocolate toxicosis include vomiting, diarrhea, agitation, high heart rate, tremors, seizures, and death.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>8. PLANTS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">About 4% of APCC phone calls were about animals that had consumed plants.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> This is another category in which cats are over-represented. Houseplants, especially ones containing insoluble calcium oxalates (eg, <i>Dieffenbachia<\/i>, <i>Philodendron<\/i>) are the most common type ingested. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Fortunately, most cases of plant ingestion cause non\u2013life-threatening illness and minimal clinical signs (ie, drooling, vomiting). Lilies and sago palms are probably the most dangerous to cats and dogs, respectively. The APCC offers a list\u2014<strong>17 Poisonous Plants<\/strong>\u2014at <b>aspca.org\/pet-care\/poison-control\/17-common-poisonous-plants.aspx<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>9. RODENTICIDES<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Rodenticides are designed to kill rodents, but they can be deadly for other mammals and birds. The APCC handled approximately 6965 cases of rodenticide ingestion in 2012.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> Anticoagulants are still the primary type of rodenticide used, but bromethalin and cholecalciferol are gaining market share.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians should counsel owners to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Be very careful when setting out rodent bait<\/b>\u2014the resourcefulness of pets, especially dogs that are attracted to grain-based baits, should never be underestimated.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><b><\/b><span class=\"s1\"><b>Keep all rodenticide labels<\/b> because many baits look identical but cause very different clinical signs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>10. LAWN &amp; GARDEN PRODUCTS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Many Americans are obsessed with creating the perfect lawn and, likewise, the APCC received almost 3500 calls about noninsecticidal lawn and garden items in 2012.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Lawn products can range from tasty fertilizers (bone meal and blood meal) and herbicides that are only expected to cause gastrointestinal signs, to more toxic products, such as the snail and slug bait metaldehyde, which can be deadly.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Veterinarians should encourage pet owners to read and follow label directions, which greatly minimizes the risk to pets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-top-ten-table-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-figure_img wp-image-9454\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-top-ten-table-1-573x300.png\" alt=\"030413 top ten table 1\" width=\"573\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>EXPOSURE VARIANTS<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Fortunately, most animal exposures to toxic agents result in no or mild clinical signs.<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> This may be due to a small exposure dose of the toxicant or decontamination by the owner and\/or veterinarian.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Exposure to toxicants can vary depending on the:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Pet&#8217;s environment<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Time of year<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Geographical location. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For example, the APCC sees an increase in rodenticide poisoning in the northern U.S. in the fall (crop harvesting and cold weather drives rodents inside).<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"p4\">Learn more about rodenticide poisoning by reading <a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/rodenticide-poisoning-what-to-do-after-exposure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Rodenticide Poisoning: What to Do After Exposure<\/strong> <\/a>(March\/April 2012), available at <strong>todaysveterinarypractice.com.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>CLIENT EDUCATION<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Educating the public about potential toxins lurking in the house and yard is a very important part of veterinary care. It is much easier to prevent poisonings than to attempt to treat them.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Placing information in puppy\/kitten packs, on your website, and in other communication with clients is a good way to start educating owners. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Seasonal topics, such as Easter lilies and chocolate, can be included in newsletters and on websites, Facebook, and other social media outlets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Provide the APCC&#8217;s website link, <strong>aspca.org\/home\/pet-care\/poison-control<\/strong>, to clients, which allows them to access additional information on pets and poison prevention concerns.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"s1\"><b>References<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Data from the ASPCA APCC regarding animal poisonings in 2012.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Richardson JA. Permethrin spot-on toxicoses in cats. <i>J Vet Emerg Crit Care<\/i> 2000; 10:103-106.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Gwaltney-Brant S. Chocolate intoxication. <i>Vet Med<\/i> 2001; 96:108-111.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Dunayer EK. Hypoglycemia following canine ingestion of xylitol containing gum. <i>Vet Human Toxicol<\/i> 2004; 46(2):87-88.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center. People foods to avoid feeding your pets. aspca.org\/pet-care\/poison-control\/people-foods.aspx.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Schell MM. Tremorgenic mycotoxin intoxication. <i>Vet Med<\/i> 2000; 95(4):283-286.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Dolder LK. Metaldehyde toxicosis. <i>Vet Med<\/i> 2003; 98:213-215.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Forrester MB, Stanley SK. Patterns of animal poisonings reported to the Texas Poison Center Network: 1998-2002. <i>Vet Hum Toxicol<\/i> 2004; 46(2):96-99.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"author-bio\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/Tina-Wismer.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-9452\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/Tina-Wismer.png\" alt=\"Tina Wismer\" width=\"100\" height=\"105\" \/><\/a>Tina Wismer<\/strong>, DVM, Diplomate ABVT &amp; ABT, is the senior director of veterinary educational outreach at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center in Urbana, Illinois. She is also an adjunct instructor at the University of Illinois and a consultant for the Veterinary Information Network. Dr. Wismer received her DVM from Purdue University. Prior to her current position, she worked in small animal practice in Michigan and emergency practice in Indiana.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tina Wismer, DVM, Diplomate ABVT &amp; ABT In honor of Poison Prevention Week, Dr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9457,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":1363,"footnotes":""},"categories":[375],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-1331","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-march-april-2013","tag-peer-reviewed","clinical_topics-toxicology"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Top Ten: Toxicoses in Dogs &amp; Cats | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Top Ten: Toxicoses in Dogs &amp; 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