{"id":1322,"date":"2013-03-01T16:46:30","date_gmt":"2013-03-01T16:46:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phosdev.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\/?p=1322"},"modified":"2022-02-17T19:21:06","modified_gmt":"2022-02-17T19:21:06","slug":"imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/","title":{"rendered":"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Imaging Essentials<\/strong> provides comprehensive information on small animal radiography techniques. This article is the first in a 3-part series covering cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine radiography.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"s1\">The following anatomic areas have been addressed in previous columns; these articles are available at todaysveterinarypractice.com (search &#8220;Imaging Essentials&#8221;).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Thorax <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Scapula, shoulder, and humerus<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Abdomen <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Elbow and antebrachium<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Pelvis <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Carpus and manus<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Stifle joint and crus <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Tarsus and pes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"p1\">Spinal radiographs are indicated for:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Evaluation of traumatic injuries<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Neck and back pain<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Pain or neurologic issues associated with thoracic or pelvic limb lameness isolated to these regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Each radiographic projection is a separate study and should be radiographed as such. High quality, correctly positioned and collimated radiographs are required in order to provide an accurate assessment of the area of interest, especially for surgical planning.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<p class=\"p3\">As a general rule, general anesthesia or heavy sedation is necessary to evaluate the spine because, in most cases, spinal images taken in nonsedated patients are nondiagnostic. In addition, the presence or absence of disk space narrowing cannot be determined from a nonsedated animal&#8217;s radiographs due to unavoidable positioning artifacts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><b>ROUTINE VIEWS<\/b><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p3\"><strong>Lateral and ventrodorsal views<\/strong> are considered the minimum orthogonal radiographs for the spine. Due to the angled, divergent nature of the x-ray beam, the area of the spine in the center of the field of collimation will be the area that provides the correct anatomic detail and intervertebral disk space widths.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If there is a <strong>suspected abnormality<\/strong> at the edge of the image, a repeat collimated image centered at the area of interest is required for complete evaluation. Recollimated images are important because they depict common areas of disease (ie, intervertebral disk spaces) that are typically at the edge of the film\/image, which could be misinterpreted as narrowed due to the divergent nature of the x-ray beam.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<h2 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Measuring the Cervical Spine<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Measure the thickest portion of the neck that is within the area of collimation. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Due to thickness differences of the <em>cranial and caudal parts of the neck<\/em> in large-breed dogs, such as Doberman pinschers, Great Danes, or mastiffs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">For <em>lateral imaging<\/em>, measure mid cervical and at the level of the shoulder. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">For <em>ventrodorsal imaging<\/em>, measure mid cervical and at the level of the manubrium.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">These techniques result in 2 separate radiographic images\u2014cranial and caudal radiographs of the cervical spine.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A routine cervical spine study includes:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Open <strong>lateral<\/strong> image of entire cervical spine <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Open <strong>ventrodorsal<\/strong> image of entire cervical spine<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Collimated image of <strong>lateral cervicothoracic<\/strong> spine <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Collimated image of <strong>ventrodorsal cervicothoracic<\/strong> spine.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Lateral Projection: Cervical Spine<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For the lateral projection, position the patient in lateral recumbency (<b>Figure 1<\/b>). <\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Tape the thoracic limbs together evenly and pull caudally. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Tape or sandbag the thoracic limbs in this caudal position, which places the humerus and glenohumeral joint below the cervical spine, eliminating superimposition. There will always be some degree of superimposition of the scapula. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Move the lumbar area of the dog dorsally, allowing the cervical spine to align with the horizontal collimation light.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Place the skull in lateral position; then extend the skull and spine naturally and pull them straight cranially. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If the patient is a large-breed dog, place a sponge under the cervical spine and skull cranial to the shoulder. The sponge elevates the cranial portion of the cervical spine, making it level and lateral with the caudal portion of the cervical spine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-1.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9345\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-1.png\" alt=\"030413 ie fig 1\" width=\"360\" height=\"461\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-1.png 360w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-1-234x300.png 234w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Collimated Projection: Cervicothoracic Spine<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The collimated lateral image is centered over the cervicothoracic spine, and extends from the mid cervical spine (cranial limit of field of view [FOV]) to just caudal to the scapulohumeral joint.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Lateral Collimation<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For the lateral projection, the FOV <em>excludes<\/em> the ventral and dorsal soft tissues of the neck, only <em>including<\/em> the cervical vertebral bodies and immediate soft tissues adjacent to the spine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For all patients: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Palpate the vertebrae of the cervical spine and place the horizontal line of the FOV at this plane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For smaller patients<\/strong>, collimate the FOV to include the caudal portion of the skull (cranial limit) to just caudal of the scapulohumeral joint (caudal limit).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For larger patients<\/strong> (cranial and caudal images):<\/span>\n<ul class=\"ul2\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The cranial projection FOV should include the caudal portion of the skull to just cranial to the level of the scapulohumeral joint. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The caudal projection FOV is centered just dorsal to the humeral scapular joint and first rib; it should extend cranially to the mid cervical spine and caudally to approximately the third rib. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The radiographic marker is placed along the dorsal and cranial aspect of the collimated FOV.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Ventrodorsal Projection: Cervical Spine<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Position the patient in dorsal recumbency (<strong>Figure 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">If a positioning trough is used, place the entire cervical spine within the trough to eliminate any edge artifacts associated with the imaging tray.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Extend the skull and neck and align them with the manubrium.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Pull the thoracic limbs caudally and either tape together or individually.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9346\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-2.png\" alt=\"030413 ie fig 2\" width=\"520\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-2.png 520w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-2-300x207.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Collimated Projection: Cervicothoracic Spine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The caudal ventrodorsal projection used for large-breed dogs (see Ventrodorsal Collimation) also serves as the collimated cervicothoracic image for all dogs and cats.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Ventrodorsal Collimation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>For the ventrodorsal projection, the FOV <em>excludes\u00a0<\/em>the lateral soft tissues of the neck, only <em>including<\/em> the central cervical vertebral bodies and immediate soft tissues adjacent to the vertebral column.<\/p>\n<p>For all patients:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Palpate the vertebrae of the cervical spine and place the horizontal line of the FOV at this plane.<\/li>\n<li><strong>For smaller patients<\/strong>, collimate the FOV to include the caudal portion of the skull and caudal to approximately the third rib.<\/li>\n<li><strong>For larger patients<\/strong> (cranial and caudal images):\n<ul>\n<li>The cranial projection FOV should include the caudal portion of the skull to just cranial to the manubrium.<\/li>\n<li>The caudal projection FOV should extend to mid cervical spine cranially and extend caudally to approximately the third rib. If allowable, the tube head should be angled approximately 10\u00b0 toward the dog or cat&#8217;s head, which aligns the angle of the x-ray beam with the angle of the caudal cervical intervertebral disk spaces, eliminating superimposition of the vertebral body over the intervertebral disk space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The radiographic marker is placed along the right cranial aspect of the image in the collimated FOV.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><b style=\"line-height: 1.5\">ADDITIONAL VIEWS<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Lateral Oblique Projection: Cervical Spine<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Trauma or congenital malformation may cause atlantoaxial luxation or instability of the joint between cervical vertebra 1 and 2. To visualize the dens, an oblique projection from the lateral position is obtained. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">If an atlantoaxial instability is suspected, it is imperative that care be taken not to luxate the vertebra further, resulting in spinal cord trauma. Sedation is highly recommended for these patients to avoid additional movement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Position the patient in lateral recumbency (<b>Figure 3<\/b>).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Tape the forelimbs and pull caudally with gentle pressure. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Obliquely angle the spine in a ventral direction, which is achieved by placing a sponge under the dorsal skull and shoulder.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For collimation<\/strong>, the FOV is centered at the atlantoaxial joint. The cranial border is at mid skull, while the caudal border includes cervical vertebra 3 and 4.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-3.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9347\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-3.png\" alt=\"030413 ie fig 3\" width=\"560\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-3.png 560w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-3-300x127.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Lateral Flexed &amp; Extended Projections: Cervical Spine<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Flexed and extended projections are used for cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) or Wobbler&#8217;s syndrome.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Compression of the spinal cord due to abnormalities occurs mainly in large-breed dogs and affects the caudal cervical vertebrae and their articulations, resulting in paraparesis, tetraparesis, or ataxia. The large-breed dog will need a cranial and caudal projection as with a naturally positioned cervical spine projection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For both projections<\/strong>, position the patient in lateral recumbency, with the forelimbs taped and pulled caudally.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For the extended projection<\/strong> (<b>Figure 4<\/b>), push the skull and cervical spine dorsally.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Ensure that the caudal cervical vertebra are angled dorsally, not merely pivoted at the mid cervical spine. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Hold the skull in place with a sandbag or tape.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9348\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-4.png\" alt=\"030413 ie fig 4\" width=\"560\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-4.png 560w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-fig-4-300x199.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For the flexed projection<\/strong> (<b>Figure 5<\/b>), pull the skull and cervical spine ventrally toward the forelimbs. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Ensure that the cervical spine is flexed at the level of the caudal cervical vertebra and not merely arched at the mid cervical spine. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Hold the skull in place with a sandbag or tape.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"s1\"><strong>For collimation<\/strong>, due to the flexion and extension of the cervical spine, the FOV includes most of the soft tissues of the neck. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Ventrodorsal Oblique Projection: Cervical Spine <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Subtle lesions, fractures, and intervertebral disk disease are a few of the conditions that may require a ventrodorsal oblique projection of the spine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">From the straight ventrodorsal position of the cervical spine, obliquely rotate the patient to the left approximately 10\u00b0 to 15\u00b0; then take the radiograph. Then rotate the patient to the right approximately 10\u00b0 to 15\u00b0 and take another radiograph.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Set the collimation<\/strong> of the oblique ventrodorsal projections as described for the ventrodorsal projection of the cervical spine.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"orange-box\">\n<p><span class=\"s1\"><b>For quality control of any diagnostic image, follow a simple 3-step approach:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Is the <b>technique<\/b> adequate (appropriate exposure and development factors)?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Is the correct <b>anatomy<\/b> present within the image? <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"s1\">Is the <b>positioning<\/b> anatomically correct and straight?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>QUALITY CONTROL<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">To make certain the desired technique has been achieved, use the following guidelines to determine whether the appropriate anatomy is included in the images.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For both lateral and ventrodorsal projections of the cervical spine:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The <strong>cranial border<\/strong> should include the caudal aspect of the skull.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The <strong>caudal border<\/strong> should, at least, include T1.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For the lateral projection of the cervical spine:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The wings of the Atlas (C1) should be even and superimposed. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">Each cervical vertebral body should be even with the superimposed transverse processes. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">On a straight cervical spine, the wings of C1 will overlap each other and be superimposed over the dens, which is not visualized.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For the ventrodorsal projection of the cervical spine:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The spinous processes should be superimposed over the vertebral bodies. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li1\"><span class=\"s1\">The spinous process over the Axis (C2) should resemble a thin line bisecting the vertebral body.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Imaging Essentials provides comprehensive information on small animal radiography techniques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9351,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":7381,"footnotes":""},"categories":[375],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-1322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-march-april-2013","tag-peer-reviewed","clinical_topics-radiology-imaging"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Imaging Essentials provides comprehensive information on small animal radiography techniques.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/todaysveterinarypractice\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-03-01T16:46:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-17T19:21:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-feature.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"211\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\",\"@id\":\"\"},\"headline\":\"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-03-01T16:46:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-17T19:21:06+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1603,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/03\\\/030413-ie-feature.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Peer Reviewed\"],\"articleSection\":[\"March\\\/April 2013\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":[\"WebPage\",\"MedicalWebPage\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/\",\"name\":\"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/03\\\/030413-ie-feature.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-03-01T16:46:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-17T19:21:06+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/03\\\/030413-ie-feature.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2013\\\/03\\\/030413-ie-feature.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":211},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/radiology-imaging\\\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Today's Veterinary Practice\",\"description\":\"Peer-Reviewed Veterinary Journal\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Today's Veterinary Practice\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/tvp-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/4\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/tvp-logo.png\",\"width\":179,\"height\":89,\"caption\":\"Today's Veterinary Practice\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/todaysveterinarypractice\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/thenavc\"],\"email\":\"info@navc.com\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/navc.sitepreview.app\\\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\\\/author\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography","og_description":"Imaging Essentials provides comprehensive information on small animal radiography techniques.","og_url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/","og_site_name":"Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/todaysveterinarypractice","article_published_time":"2013-03-01T16:46:30+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-02-17T19:21:06+00:00","og_image":[{"width":200,"height":211,"url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-feature.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/"},"author":{"name":"","@id":""},"headline":"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography","datePublished":"2013-03-01T16:46:30+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-17T19:21:06+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/"},"wordCount":1603,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-feature.png","keywords":["Peer Reviewed"],"articleSection":["March\/April 2013"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":["WebPage","MedicalWebPage"],"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/","url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/","name":"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography | Today&#039;s Veterinary Practice","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-feature.png","datePublished":"2013-03-01T16:46:30+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-17T19:21:06+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-feature.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2013\/03\/030413-ie-feature.png","width":200,"height":211},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/radiology-imaging\/imaging-essentials-small-animal-spinal-radiography-series-cervical-spine-radiography\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Small Animal Spinal Radiography Series: Cervical Spine Radiography"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/","name":"Today's Veterinary Practice","description":"Peer-Reviewed Veterinary Journal","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#organization","name":"Today's Veterinary Practice","url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/01\/tvp-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2022\/01\/tvp-logo.png","width":179,"height":89,"caption":"Today's Veterinary Practice"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/todaysveterinarypractice","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/thenavc"],"email":"info@navc.com"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"","url":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/author\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1322"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28278,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1322\/revisions\/28278"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9351"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarypractice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}