{"id":3775,"date":"2019-02-13T14:27:26","date_gmt":"2019-02-13T14:27:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/?post_type=articles&p=3775"},"modified":"2022-09-15T19:18:35","modified_gmt":"2022-09-15T19:18:35","slug":"key-genes-for-mucosal-melanoma-in-humans-dogs-and-horses-might-help-target-new-cancer-therapies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/news\/key-genes-for-mucosal-melanoma-in-humans-dogs-and-horses-might-help-target-new-cancer-therapies\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Genes for Mucosal Melanoma in Humans, Dogs and Horses Might Help Target New Cancer Therapies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cancer genes in mucosal melanoma, a rare and poorly understood subtype of melanoma, have been compared in humans, dogs and horses for the first time. Researchers sequenced the genomes of the same cancer across different species to pinpoint key cancer genes. The results give insights into how cancer evolves across different species and could guide the development of new therapies.<\/p>\n

The research was conducted by scientists at the Wellcome Sanger Institute<\/a> and their collaborators.\u00a0The results were reported in Nature Communications<\/em><\/a> (1).<\/p>\n

Mucosal melanoma is a rare form of melanoma, a tumor type usually associated with skin cancer. Of the 15,400 people diagnosed with melanoma in the UK each year, around 1 per cent will be diagnosed with mucosal melanoma.<\/p>\n

The cancer arises from the cells that produce pigment, known as melanocytes, which are found not only in the skin but also mucosal surfaces of the body, such as the sinuses, nasal passages, mouth, vagina and anus.<\/p>\n

The risk factors for mucosal melanoma are unknown, and there is no known link to UV exposure or family history. Patients with the cancer often present late in the progression of the disease, and the main treatment for mucosal melanoma is surgical removal of the tumor. As well as humans, the cancer affects dogs and horses with varying outcomes for the different species.<\/p>\n

To uncover the genetics underpinning the cancer, researchers at the Sanger Institute and their collaborators sequenced the genomes of mucosal melanoma tumors taken from human, canine and equine patients that had been diagnosed with the disease.<\/p>\n

Analyzing the genomic data from 46 human, 65 canine and 28 equine melanoma tumors, all at the primary stage of cancer, scientists revealed a handful of genes that were mutated in all species.<\/p>\n

\u201cGenomics gives us a unique view into the hidden similarities and differences of cancer between species,\u201d says Dr. David Adams, corresponding author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, in a press release. \u201cThe genetic changes, or mutations, we found in mucosal melanoma tumors across humans, dogs and horses suggests they are important enough to be conserved between species. These key mutations are likely to drive the cancer and could be targets for the development of new drugs.\u201d<\/p>\n

Immunotherapy, the stimulation of the body\u2019s own immune system to attack cancer cells, has been used to treat some people with melanoma, but has not been effective for people with the subtype, mucosal melanoma, and the reason was unknown. Researchers now suggest that unlike skin melanoma, mucosal melanoma tumors carry few mutations so they remain \u201chidden\u201d to the immune system and do not spark the immune response needed to target the cancer.<\/p>\n

\u201cUnderstanding the genetic changes underpinning mucosal melanoma suggests why people with this particular type of cancer may not benefit from immunotherapies,\u201d explains Kim Wong, first author from the Wellcome Sanger Institute. \u201cGenomics can help identify who is at greater risk of developing mucosal melanoma and provide information to genetic counsellors and doctors advising patients on disease management.\u201d<\/p>\n

This study is the first to sequence horse tumors, and the first genomic experiment of this scale on dog tumors. Gray horses are genetically predisposed to getting melanoma. However, the cancer is very different in horses as it does not usually spread, unlike the disease in humans and dogs.<\/p>\n

\u201cSpontaneous tumors in dogs are gaining recognition as \u2018models\u2019 of human cancers for the development of therapies that can benefit both species,\u201d says Professor Geoffrey Wood, from the University of Guelph in Canada. \u201cThis study shows the importance of understanding the genetic similarities and differences of cancers across species so that the most biologically relevant drug targets are prioritized.\u201d<\/p>\n

Learn More<\/h3>\n

Read about canine multicentric lymphoma<\/a> or lymphosarcoma, a cancer of lymphocytes that affects approximately 13 to 24 dogs per 100,000 annually.<\/p>\n

Read an overview of equine pythiosis<\/a>, a noncontagious disease caused by Pythiosis insidiosum<\/em>, a fungus-like protozoan organism.<\/p>\n

Journal Reference<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Kim Wong, Louise van der Weyden, Courtney R. Schott, Alastair Foote, Fernando Constantino-Casas, Sionagh Smith, Jane M. Dobson, Elizabeth P. Murchison, Hong Wu, Iwei Yeh, Douglas R. Fullen, Nancy Joseph, Boris C. Bastian, Rajiv M. Patel, Inigo Martincorena, Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza, Vivek Iyer, Marieke L. Kuijjer, Mark J. Arends, Thomas Brenn, Paul W. Harms, Geoffrey A. Wood, David J. Adams. Cross-species genomic landscape comparison of human mucosal melanoma with canine oral and equine melanoma. Nature Communications<\/em>, 2019; 10 (1) DOI: 10.1038\/s41467-018-08081-1<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Scientists find key genes for mucosal melanoma in humans, dogs and horses, which could help target new cancer therapies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3776,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[211],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-digital-exclusive","clinical_topics-news"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"\nKey Genes for Mucosal Melanoma in Humans, Dogs and Horses Might Help Target New Cancer Therapies | Today's Veterinary Nurse<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists find key genes for mucosal melanoma in humans, dogs and horses, which could help target new cancer therapies for all three species.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, 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