{"id":12033,"date":"2023-05-12T20:30:25","date_gmt":"2023-05-12T20:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/?p=12033"},"modified":"2023-05-15T16:03:23","modified_gmt":"2023-05-15T16:03:23","slug":"veterinary-nutrition-math","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/nutrition\/veterinary-nutrition-math\/","title":{"rendered":"Nutrition Math 101: Important Calculations"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><b>Abstract<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nutrition, the fifth vital assessment, is essential to the health of veterinary patients. Pet owners look to the veterinary healthcare team for nutritional recommendations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Learning a few basic nutritional calculations, such as how to calculate the caloric requirement of dogs and cats, allows veterinary nurses to provide excellent nursing care to patients and to better educate clients.<\/p>\n<p><b>Take-Home Points <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">In calculating a patient\u2019s resting energy requirement (RER), the commonly used formula 30 \u00d7 (body weight in kg) + 70 = RER should not be used for patients weighing less than 2 kg or more than 45 kg.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">To determine how many calories a patient should consume per day, first calculate the patient RER, then multiply by the appropriate coefficient based on the patient\u2019s life stage and body condition.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">To compare the nutrients in a kibble food to those in a wet food requires converting both from as-fed to dry matter basis.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">The carbohydrate content of a pet food may not be listed on the label, but it is easy to calculate using information in the guaranteed analysis.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">O<\/span><span class=\"s1\">ptimal veterinary nursing care requires the ability to perform calculations. Veterinary nurses routinely calculate drug doses, fluid rates, and constant-rate infusion rates; however, basic nutrition calculations are sometimes overlooked. This article explains how to easily perform common and important nutrition calculations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Calculating Energy (Caloric) Requirements<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Establishing whether a patient is currently eating enough or too much involves determining its resting energy requirement (RER). However, many other factors also go into calculating a patient\u2019s energy needs, including growth, desired weight loss or gain, and activity level. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Resting Energy Requirement<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">RER is a function of metabolic body size and represents the energy requirement of the patient while at rest at a controlled temperature. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">There are several formulas for calculating RER based on body weight in kilograms (BW kg)<sup>1<\/sup>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">30 \u00d7 (BW kg) + 70 = RER<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">70 \u00d7 (BW kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup> = RER<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">\u221a\u221a (BW kg \u00d7 BW kg \u00d7 BW kg) \u00d7 70 = RER<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The formula <b>30 \u00d7 (BW kg) + 70 = RER<\/b> is commonly used in many veterinary hospitals and may be used for patients weighing more than 2 kg and less than 45 kg. For patients weighing less than 2 kg or more than 45\u00a0kg, the formulas <b>70 \u00d7 (BW kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup> = RER<\/b> and <b>\u221a\u221a\u00a0(BW kg \u00d7 BW kg \u00d7 BW kg) \u00d7 70 = RER<\/b> provide a more accurate estimate of caloric requirements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The difference in estimates when <b>30 \u00d7 (BW kg) + 70<\/b> is used can be seen by looking at 2 patients, Max and Tiny. Max weighs 20 kg (44 lb) and Tiny weighs 1.36\u00a0kg (3 lb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Using the formula <b>30 \u00d7 (BW kg) + 70 = RER<\/b>, Max and Tiny have the following RERs: <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Max:<\/b> 30 \u00d7 20 kg = 600 + 70 = 670 kcal\/day<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Tiny:<\/b> 30 \u00d7 1.36 kg = 40.8 + 70 = 110.8 kcal\/day<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Using the formula <b>70 \u00d7 (BW kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup> = RER<\/b>, their RERs are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Max:<\/b> 70 \u00d7 (20 kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup> = 662 kcal\/day<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Tiny:<\/b> 70 \u00d7 (1.36 kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup> = 88.2 kcal\/day<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The difference between the 2 results is only 8 kcal\/day for Max, but for Tiny, the first equation overestimates RER by 22.6 kcal per day.<i> <\/i>For this reason, it is preferable to use the formula <b>70 \u00d7 (BW kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup><\/b><i> <\/i>or <b>\u221a\u221a\u00a0(BW kg<\/b> <b>\u00d7<\/b> <b>BW kg<\/b> <b>\u00d7<\/b> <b>BW kg) \u00d7 70 <\/b>to calculate RER for all patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Daily Energy Requirement<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Once the patient\u2019s RER has been determined, the next step is to calculate the patient\u2019s daily energy requirement (DER). DER is calculated by multiplying RER by a coefficient based on the patient\u2019s life stage and body condition. Coefficients for common life stages to determine DER are listed in <\/span><span class=\"s2\"><b>TABLE 1<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12038\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2004\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1.png 2004w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1-1024x269.png 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1-768x202.png 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/05\/Carlson_TVNSummer23_NutritionMath_Table1-1536x403.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2004px) 100vw, 2004px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Example: <\/b>Sandy is a dog weighing 30.45 kg (67 lb). She is overweight with a body condition score of 4 out of 5. Follow the below steps to calculate her DER for weight loss.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>RER: <\/b>70 \u00d7 (30.45 kg)<sup>0.75<\/sup> = 907 kcal\/day <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Then, using the weight loss coefficient from <\/span><span class=\"s3\"><b>TABLE 1<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s1\">, calculate her DER: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">RER \u00d7 1 = DER <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>DER:<\/b> 907 \u00d7 1 = 907 kcal\/day<b><\/div><\/div><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">It is important to remember that all caloric calculations are estimates of the patient\u2019s energy needs; actual caloric intake may vary between individuals depending on the patient\u2019s age, lifestyle, activity level, body condition score, and other factors. However, the above RER and DER calculations are an excellent starting point for every nutritional recommendation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Calculating Amount to Feed<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Once the patient\u2019s DER is known, the amount of food needed to meet it can be calculated. The first step is to find the caloric content per can or cup of the food the patient is going to be fed. The caloric content of any food (and some treats) can be easily found on the product packaging or obtained from the manufacturer\u2019s website or product guide. The caloric content of most \u201cpeople\u201d food that patients eat can be found on the product packaging or manufacturer website. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The number of calories in a can or cup of the selected food is simply divided into the patient\u2019s DER. To continue with Sandy as an example:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><\/b>The dry food the owner is feeding Sandy contains 363\u00a0kcal\/cup. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">907 kcal\/day \u00f7 363 kcal\/cup = 2.5 cups\/day<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Sandy could eat 2.5 cups of this food per day if she is not fed any canned food or treats.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">However, the owner wants to include some canned food and treats in Sandy\u2019s diet. The canned food contains 369 kcal\/can, and the treats contain 34\u00a0kcal\/treat. Treats should make up no more than 10% of a pet\u2019s daily calorie intake; therefore, Sandy\u2019s daily treat allowance should be no more than 90 kcal. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Treat allowance:<\/b> 90 kcal \u00f7 34 kcal\/treat = 2.6 treats. For ease, Sandy can have 2.5 treats\/day, totaling 85\u00a0kcal\/day (34 \u00d7 2.5 = 85).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Subtract the treat allowance from Sandy\u2019s DER to determine the amount remaining for canned and dry food.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">907 kcal\/day \u2013 85 kcal = 822 kcal <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">The owner wants to feed mostly dry food, so next, determine how many full cups of dry food Sandy can have per day. The dry food contains 363 kcal\/cup; therefore, <b>2 cups of dry food = 726 kcal<\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">822 kcal \u2013 726 kcal = 96 kcal left over for canned food<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">The canned food contains 369 kcal\/can. Divide the remaining DER by this number.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>96 kcal \u00f7 369 kcal\/can = 0.26 or \u00bc can of canned food<\/div><\/div><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The above amounts can be divided by the number of times the patient will be fed per day. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Instructions to the client should be specific and include the name and brand of the food being recommended, the amount to be fed per day and per feeding, how many feedings per day, how many treats, and when the plan may change. To continue with Sandy as an example:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><\/b>Sandy should be fed 2 cups of the dry food, \u00bc can of the canned food, and 2.5 treats per day. The author recommends feeding her 1 cup of the dry food and <\/span><span class=\"s4\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><span class=\"s5\"><i>\/<\/i><\/span><span class=\"s6\"><sub>8<\/sub><\/span><span class=\"s1\"> of a can of canned food in the morning and the same amounts at night. The 2.5 treats can be given between meals. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Sandy\u2019s owner should be reminded that treats should make up no more than 10% of the total calories Sandy consumes per day. It is recommended Sandy be brought back for a weight check in 2 weeks as her feeding plan may need to be adjusted if she has lost or gained weight.<strong><\/div><\/div><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">For many healthy pets being fed a good-quality, complete, and balanced diet manufactured by a reputable company, the above calculations may be the only ones required. Online calculators also exist to help with these computations <strong>(BOX<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">\u00a01<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\"><strong>)<\/strong>. However, there are many others veterinary nurses can use in their role as a veterinary nutrition advocate.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-box su-box-style-default\" id=\"\" style=\"border-color:#606060;border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-box-title\" style=\"background-color:#939393;color:#FFFFFF;border-top-left-radius:1px;border-top-right-radius:1px\">Online Calculators<\/div><div class=\"su-box-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"border-bottom-left-radius:1px;border-bottom-right-radius:1px\">The Pet Nutrition Alliance has developed free online nutritional calculators for dogs and cats. These quick, accurate calculators, which are available at <a href=\"http:\/\/petnutritionalliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">petnutritionalliance.org<\/a>, may be used to confirm manual calculations are correct or to perform the calculations automatically.<\/div><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">As-Fed Versus Dry Matter Basis<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Ingredients are listed on the label as percentages on an \u201cas-fed\u201d basis; essentially, this means that the moisture content is included. Dry and canned pet food both contain moisture, but in different amounts. To be compared between different foods, especially when comparing canned food to dry kibble, each nutrient must be converted from as-fed to dry matter basis (DMB). <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">One method of estimating the crude moisture in a pet food is to subtract the percentage of moisture listed in the guaranteed analysis section on the label from 100% and then divide the percentage of each nutrient listed in the guaranteed analysis by this number.<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Example:<\/b> A canned-food label lists the moisture content as 75% and protein as 10% (as-fed basis).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">100% \u2013 75% moisture = 25% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">10% protein \u00f7 25% DMB = 40% protein<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">This food is 40% protein DMB.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Example:<\/b> A dry-food label lists the moisture content as 10% and protein as 18% (as-fed basis).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">100% \u2013 10% moisture = 90% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">18% protein \u00f7 90% DMB = 20% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">This food is 20% protein DMB.<strong><\/div><\/div><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Note that before conversion from as-fed to DMB, the canned food in this example appeared to contain less protein than the dry food; however, it actually has more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">A simpler, perhaps not quite as accurate, method is to multiply the percentages of nutrients listed in the guaranteed analysis by 1.1 for dry foods and by 4 for canned foods.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Example:<\/b> A dry-food label that lists the protein content as 18% <i>\u00d7<\/i> 1.1 = 19.8% protein DMB. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Example:<\/b> A canned-food label that lists the protein content as 10% <i>\u00d7<\/i> 4 = 40% protein DMB.<strong><\/div><\/div><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Both of these calculations provide an estimated amount of nutrients on a dry matter basis. If the actual amount is required, it can be obtained from the pet food manufacturer. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Comparison on a Caloric Basis<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The simple method described above can be useful to help clients understand that comparisons are not as easy as simply reading pet food labels. However, comparing nutrients on a caloric (or energy) basis as grams per 1000 kcal provides a more useful, more accurate comparison and is often preferred. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">For this comparison, locate the caloric density (kcal\/kg) and the percentage of the nutrient to be compared on the product label. For protein, add 1.5% to the minimum listed on the label, and for fat, add 1%.<sup>4<\/sup> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Example: <\/b>A dry diet that contains 26% protein with 3450 kcal\/kg.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">26% protein + 1.5% = 27.5%<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">3450 kcal\/kg \u00f7 10<\/span><span class=\"s7\">\u2009<\/span><span class=\"s1\">000 = 0.345<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">27.5% \u00f7 0.345 = 79.7 g\/1000 kcal<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Example: <\/b>A canned diet that contains 9.2% protein with 1202 kcal\/kg.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">9.2% protein + 1.5% = 10.7%<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">1202 kcal\/kg \u00f7 10<\/span><span class=\"s7\">\u2009<\/span><span class=\"s1\">000 = 0.12<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">10.7% \u00f7 0.12 = 89.2 g\/1000 kcal<strong><\/div><\/div><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Calculating Estimated Carbohydrate Content<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Guaranteed analyses do not list the amount of carbohydrate in a pet food; however, this amount is easily estimated. Start by converting the protein, fat, fiber, and ash contents to DMB (as explained above). Add these percentages together and subtract the total from 100%. This is the estimated carbohydrate content of the food.<sup>5<\/sup> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Example: <\/b>A diet that contains the following contents as DMB.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Protein:<\/b> 32% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Fat:<\/b> 20% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Fiber:<\/b> 6% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Ash:<\/b> 12% DMB<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Total:<\/b> 70%<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">100% \u2013 70% = 30%. This food contains approximately 30% carbohydrate.<strong><\/div><\/div><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Summary<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">These basic nutrition calculations are important when veterinary nurses are developing nutritional recommendations and plans for patients and educating clients on the importance of nutrition. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Basic nutrition calculations are integral for veterinary nurses developing nutritional recommendations and plans for patients and educating clients on the importance of nutrition.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":12037,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[238],"tags":[145],"class_list":["post-12033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-summer-2023","tag-peer-reviewed","column-nutrition_notes","clinical_topics-nutrition"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nutrition Math 101: Important Calculations for Dogs and Cats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Basic nutrition calculations are integral for veterinary nurses developing nutritional plans for patients.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, 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