{"id":11764,"date":"2023-03-10T19:49:38","date_gmt":"2023-03-10T19:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/?p=11764"},"modified":"2023-04-24T19:00:00","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T19:00:00","slug":"noninvasive-blood-pressure-monitoring-in-the-canine-and-feline-patient","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/diagnostics\/noninvasive-blood-pressure-monitoring-in-the-canine-and-feline-patient\/","title":{"rendered":"Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Canine and Feline Patient"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#d8d8d8;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#f2f2f2;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><b>Abstract<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement is a valuable tool for monitoring hemodynamic stability in dogs and cats as blood pressure can be used to guide treatment and determine prognostic factors. NIBP is obtained by placing a properly measured cuff on the patient\u2019s extremity, inflating the cuff to occlude arterial blood flow, and recording the pressure at which arterial blood flow returns.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The 2 noninvasive methods for obtaining blood pressure are Doppler ultrasonography and oscillometric. Regardless of method used, accuracy can be affected by the type of equipment used to obtain the reading, blood pressure cuff size and placement, and psychosocial and physiological factors of the patient.<\/p>\n<p><b>Take-Home Points <\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">Results will be most accurate if readings are taken in a quiet, low-traffic area with the patient in ventral or lateral recumbency.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Cuff size selection is essential for accurate readings.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Common cuff locations include proximal to the carpus on a thoracic limb, proximal to the hock on a pelvic limb, or at the base of the tail.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">For Doppler ultrasonography probes, use an appropriate amount of ultrasonography gel to successfully locate the artery.<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">N<\/span><span class=\"s1\">oninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitoring provides valuable information about hemodynamic stability of canine and feline patients. It is less stressful for the patient than catheterization of peripheral arteries. Results can be used to guide the veterinary team\u2019s determination of treatment and prognostic factors. Accuracy of the results can be altered by the type of equipment used to obtain the reading, blood pressure cuff size and placement, and psychosocial and physiological factors of the patient. Reference ranges for blood pressure are shown in <\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">TABLE 1<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11772\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a style=\"color: #ffffff\" href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table1.png\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11772\" class=\"wp-image-11772 \" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table1.png 968w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table1-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table1-768x287.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11772\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Maximizing the Setting<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Before beginning the measurement process, consider the location of the patient, if the patient can be transported, who should be present, and what type of NIBP will be performed. A recent study that used oscillometric units showed a notable difference in NIBP results obtained at home versus in the hospital, confirming \u201cwhite-coat hypertension\u201d in canine and feline patients.<sup>2 <\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">For hospitalized patients, their location within the hospital can determine the level of noise and traffic, which can affect their psychosocial stress. Being in the hospital, whether for an examination or illness, increases stress for any patient, and increased stress can lead to inaccurately elevated readings. If the patient is stable, plan NIBP monitoring during quiet times. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">For patients visiting for an appointment, NIBP monitoring can be performed in a quiet examination room or treatment area, with or without the client present (depending on hospital protocol). Often the client\u2019s presence reduces the stress associated with inaccurately elevated readings. NIBP measurement of cats is more accurate if performed while the cat is still in the carrier, as opposed to on the examination table.<sup>3<\/sup> <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Methods<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Doppler Method<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p2\">Doppler ultrasonography devices <strong>(<span class=\"s3\">FIGURE 1<\/span>)<\/strong> generate ultrasound waves <span class=\"s1\">that audibly indicate velocity of arterial blood flow. A <\/span>cuff is placed over the artery and inflated until it impedes <span class=\"s1\">blood flow, at which time the sound is no longer audible. As the cuff is deflated and arterial flow resumes, the first returning audible sound corresponds to the systolic arterial pressure. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11765\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1A.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11765\" class=\" wp-image-11765\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1A.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1A.png 864w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1A-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1A-768x640.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11765\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1A. Doppler ultrasonography unit, all components<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The sound is amplified by a probe containing 2 piezoelectric crystals, which replaces use of a stethoscope. One of the crystals <\/span>transmits energy and the other receives the echo from the artery; as sound waves travel through the <span class=\"s1\">ultrasonography gel, the echo of the pulsing artery is transmitted. Use of headphones will reduce external noise, which will help calm the patient for an accurate reading. To ensure optimal contact between the probe and the skin (as sound waves passing through air become distorted), the probe and skin should be clean and the hair over the artery may be shaved.<sup>4<\/sup> <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11766\" style=\"width: 359px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1B.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11766\" class=\" wp-image-11766\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1B.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1B.png 792w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1B-269x300.png 269w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig1B-768x857.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1B. Probe, showing crystals.<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Locating small arteries can be <\/span>challenging; making small, slow, lateral movements with <span class=\"s1\">light pressure of the probe can be helpful. Too much <\/span>pressure can occlude the artery, making it challenging to l<span class=\"s1\">ocate. After the artery is located, the patient\u2019s heart rate can be assessed, if indicated. Doppler <\/span>ultrasonography <span class=\"s1\">has historically been proven to be unreliable for measuring diastolic blood pressure as accurately recording the flow sounds is audibly challenging; however, the quality of newer Doppler <\/span>ultrasonography <span class=\"s1\">units is increasing, enabling accurate diastolic pressure measurement.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Oscillometric Method<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Oscillometric units<strong> (<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">FIGURE 2<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\"><strong>)<\/strong> measure air pressure fluctuations inside the cuff, generated by pulsations of the underlying artery. Oscillometric units work automatically and can be set to record blood pressure in increments from immediately to hourly. The digital display shows systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and mean arterial pressure. Oscillometric blood pressure measurement of small patients (&lt;7 kg [15.4 lb]) or excessively moving patients can be inaccurate.<sup>5<\/sup> For patients of any size, the reading may be inaccurate if the patient is squirming\/struggling, shaking, or panting. To determine if the reading is inaccurate, compare the oscillometric pulse rate to the patient\u2019s pulse rate; if they do not match, the reading can be considered inaccurate.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11767\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11767\" class=\" wp-image-11767\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig2.png 720w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig2-225x300.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Oscillometric unit.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Differences and Similarities<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Both methods are readily available and easy to use <strong>(<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">TABLE 2<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\"><strong>)<\/strong>. Regardless of which method is used, when serial blood pressure measurements from a given patient are needed, the same method (unit, cuff size, cuff location, patient position, patient environment) should be used each time. A recent study of NIBP measurement in conscious cats showed that results from oscillometric and Doppler <\/span>ultrasonography <span class=\"s1\">units differ, and thus they cannot be used interchangeably.<sup>6<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11773\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2-300x66.jpg 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2-1024x224.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2-768x168.jpg 768w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Table2-1536x336.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">With either method, proper cuff size selection and placement is essential for obtaining an accurate result. Arteries accessible for NIBP are shown in <\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">FIGURE 3<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\">. Both methods are best used on arteries proximal to the carpus or hock or under the tail. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11768\" style=\"width: 460px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11768\" class=\" wp-image-11768\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig3.png 1200w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig3-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig3-1024x673.png 1024w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig3-768x505.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alexander_P\/shutterstock.com<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">With use of a Doppler <\/span>ultrasonography <span class=\"s1\">device, the cuff should be located above the joint proximal to the probe; with use of an oscillometric unit, the cuff should be placed proximal to the carpus or hock joints or at the tail base <strong>(<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">FIGURE\u00a04<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\"><strong>)<\/strong>. No matter which method is used to obtain the readings, 5 to 7 readings should be obtained to ensure accuracy, and all readings along with the type of unit, cuff size, cuff location, and patient position should be properly recorded in the patient\u2019s record.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_11769\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11769\" class=\"wp-image-11769\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4.png 720w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. Proper noninvasive blood pressure cuff size.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Steps for NIBP Monitoring<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">For both types of units, the initial steps are the same.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Collect the supplies required, depending on the type of unit to be used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Choose a quiet, low-traffic area for the procedure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Gently restrain the patient into ventral or lateral recumbency; if necessary, ask for assistance with restraint.<sup>7<\/sup><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Determine the proper size cuff for circumference of the location on the patient (proportion = 30% for cats, 40% for dogs<sup>8<\/sup>)<strong> (<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"s2\">FIGURE 5<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"s1\"><strong>)<\/strong>. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Place the cuff securely around the limb, proximal to the carpus or hock joint, or the base of the tail.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_11769\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11769\" class=\"wp-image-11769\" src=\"https:\/\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4.png 720w, https:\/\/navc.sitepreview.app\/todaysveterinarynurse.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/03\/Plummer_TVNSpring23_BPMonitoring_Fig4-220x300.png 220w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-11769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 5. Proper noninvasive blood pressure cuff size.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Doppler<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Follow steps 1 through 5 as above.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">6. Prepare the location for the Doppler <\/span>ultrasonography<span class=\"s1\"> probe placement as mentioned above.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">7. Apply ultrasonography gel to the probe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">8. Attach the gauge to the cuff. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">9. Place the probe distal to the cuff.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">10. Inflate the cuff until arterial sound is no longer heard or until a standard is reached (200 mm Hg in humans) unless the sound is still present at 200.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">11. Slowly release pressure on the cuff. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">12. Record systolic blood pressure at which arterial sound returns. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">13. Record each reading in the patient\u2019s record.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">14. Repeat 5 to 7 times. Between each reading, completely release air from the cuff and wait 3 to <\/span>5\u00a0seconds for the integrity of the vessel wall to return.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p4\">Oscillometric<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">Follow steps 1 through 5 as above.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">6. Attach monitor tubing to cuff.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">7. Start the blood pressure unit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">8. Record each reading in the patient\u2019s record.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">9. Repeat 5 to 7 times.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p3\">Summary<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Obtaining and recording accurate NIBP measurements is a skill that veterinary nurses can use to proactively care for their patients. Ensuring accurate results requires assessing all risk factors associated with inaccurate readings, avoiding as many psychosocial and physiological stressors for the patient as possible, precisely measuring cuff size, properly placing the cuff, and properly positioning the patient. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obtaining and recording accurate NIBP measurements is a skill that veterinary nurses can use to proactively care for their patients.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":11771,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"iawp_total_views":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[237],"tags":[145],"class_list":["post-11764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spring-2023","tag-peer-reviewed","column-skills-check","clinical_topics-diagnostics"],"acf":{"hide_sidebar":false,"hide_sidebar_ad":false,"hide_all_ads":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.7 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring in Dogs and Cats<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Obtaining and recording accurate NIBP measurements is a skill that veterinary nurses can use to proactively care for their patients.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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